Table Of Content

— IAL TRAINING ISSUE I 29.59/5: 6/4 ClemsonUniversit' Federal 3 1604 019 773 979 Archeology Report Volume6, No.4 Winter1993 ISSN1057-1582 Guiding Federal Archeology The Archeological Assistance Program ARCHEOLOGY IS ONE OF the few Federal programs that cuts across departmental boundaries. Guiding the program can be adauntingtask, given the complex workingsofthegovernment's many agencies, each with itsown mission. Thatisthechallengein running theArcheologicalAssistanceProgram, headquartered attheNational Park Serv- iceinWashington,DC. Federalarcheologyisoveracenturyold, havingstartedasanefforttosavespec- tacularsitesliketheCasaGrandeRuins, opposite,nowanationalmonument.With thepassageofhistoricpreservationlaws andthediscoveryofotherfindsacrossthe nation,theprogrammushroomed. Today, every time aFederal highway is laid orafoundation dug, archeologists areconsulted to make sure the country's heritage gets the protection itdeserves. With about a third ofthe nation's land underthe government's jurisdiction and thousands ofpublic works programs every year, that means hundreds ofFederal archeology NewMexico'sCasaGrandeRuins,nowanationalmonument,wasthefirstarcheologicalsitetocome projects are going on at any time. underFederalprotection,courtesycasagrandenationalmonument The Archeological Assistance Pro- Native American tribes, preservation PUBU taagamhrnnreecddamhpmbettroehoeblersotrisghgidieensepngmtnuesstbar,flanaoilryncsedpuhlousaCtbithlotneoeinfdrcgot;sprrhremefmoassoaftsseenti.sdaeoscraSnitttociafnevoofaidrftmlismbe,ysu- GAsgaficrronttorade;usmv;ptaeasetsin,cimdhoPpannrmilnocdeoutamneclocehtltanhoistemoosrotnistris;haentega.npnNdracTaoenRhtv;deiiepvddvaeipeatsrnrtAtoirdrmgiaaaerbtilruaniitiimosenn'cmgsainno-f pgtgohrureaiTrdmAvnaM,rtncRNMcbh*see"W,oHmt5j1afo'QlElmri°oajc'o,ka\£rfeJ6oJ.W9eAimtinsepaisrloinlarsdlrhttoAaaatvrhphnniJeecpctdoeheelsneoscP.ogerltinohs°e-etss,yadtRee-- nication among government agencies, Washington office, headed by the de- tives aygBASjSits regionalionfitfiiac-es. U.S. Department of the Interior * National Park Service * Cultural Resources Departmental Consulting Archeologist * Archeological Assistance — — FEDERALARCHEOLOGYREPORT WINTER 1993 FORUM Sixty Years and Still Evolving Francis P. McManamon DEPARTMENTALCONSULTINGARCHEOLOGIST CHIEF,ARCHEOLOGICALASSISTANCE NATIONALPARKSERVICE Over the last six decades, outthe government, responsibilitiesas- theDepartmentofDefenseLegacy change has been theonlycon- signedby theAntiquities Act, theHis- Program), and training (e.g., "Archeol- stant in the office of the departmental toric Sites Act, theNational Historic ogy forManagers,""Curation for consulting archeologist. Yet now more Preservation Act, theArcheological Archeologists," and "OverviewofAr- thanever,theDCA'sjobiscentraltothe Recovery Act, and theArchaeological cheological ResourceProtection"). taskofFederal archeology. Resources Protection Act. Given ThefirstDCA, JesseNusbaumofthe Since 1970, many agencies have the typical difficulties in communication among offices, National Park Service, was appointed hired archeologists, developing their agencies,anddepartments,coordination b1y92t0hse.SIencraedtdiatriyoonfttohoevIenrtseereiiornginPathrek Tohwennpereodgrfaorm—s teovecnomtphleydewsiitrahbitlhietylaw. is also a must. This office provides it — throughtheNationalArcheologicalDa- Service archeology, Nusbaumre- of the Park Service providing pro- tabase, the FederalArcheologyReport, viewed all requests toconduct archeol- ject-specific supervision has dimin- and many otherways. ogy on Federal orIndian land. ished. In 1980, IAS wasreorganized ingTnhaetiDonC.AF'rsormolteheshliaftteed19w4i0tshtaogtrhoew- athnedAmrachneyoloofgiitcsaflunAcstsiiosntsanmcoevPerdo-to WitGhenaegreanlcioevserrsuingnhitnigssnoeemdaendyasdiw-ell. verseprograms, oversight produces 1960s, with Federal support, archeolo- gram, still headed by theDCA. gists werecalled on toexcavate TheDCA'sjob hasevolved enor- valuable suggestions and solutions. plannedreservoirsites. TheDCA and mously since the 1920s. This office TheDCA'sofficecarries out thetask by collecting and analyzing statistical thePark Service played aprominent has notreviewed orissued permits and anecdotal information aboutFed- rolein this workthrough theRiverBa- since 1984, when the authority tois- eral archeology (e.g., as presented in sin Survey and Interagency Archeo- suethem wasdelegatedto individual theSecretaryoftheInterior'sReport logical Salvage programs. bureaus atInterior. Stafftime spenton By the 1970s, theNational Historic contract supervision—afunction re- to Congress and othercongressionally requested documents). The officeis Preservation Act(along with its sec- maining from the salvageprogram also asource forqualified, inde- tion 106requirements) and theArcheo- also has dropped dramatically. pendentreviews ofprojects that may logical Recovery Act (betterknown to Today, more often than not, this need modification (e.g., the DCA peer archeologists astheMoss-Bennett Act) had made itclearthatallFederal parts aorfeficchearagnedd iwtisthredgeivoneallopiconugntperro-- revAieswsi)n.thepast, theDCA and thepro- agencies were responsible forpreserv- grams, policies, and regulations rather gramcontinue to evolveto meetthe ing information aboutsignificant sites than overseeing specific projects. Thus needs ofFederal archeology. Today, beingdestroyed by theiractions. the guidance, coordination, and over- archeologists have to improvepublic This broadened theroleofarcheology sight functions have become more im- outreach, in situ preservation ofar- well beyond reservoirconstruction portantthan ever. cheological resources, information ex- and intothe laying ofhighways, the Over20Federal agencies nowconduct change, andcollections management raising ofofficebuildings, thedigging ofcanals, and more. Now many agen- orcontract archeology as well as write and curation. They need to getbetter — reports and curate artifacts. To make at consulting about, and sometimes cies notjustthe Bureau ofReclama- tion and theCorps ofEngineers, who these acti—vitiesconsistent, guidance is consenting to, the positions ofothers. essential in the form ofpolicies This isespecially true regarding werepartofthereservoir work (e.g., theNational Strategy forFederal American Indians, NativeAlaskans, needed archeological assistance. Archeology), regulations (e.g., forthe and Native Hawaiians, but also holds The Interagency Archeological Serv- Archaeological Resources Protection forothers with legitimate interest in icesdivision ofthePark Service, Act, theNative American Graves Pro- thearcheological record. headed by the DCA, furnishedcon- tection and Repatriation Act, and the TheDCAand theArcheologicalAssis- tractsupervision services foragencies National Historic Preservation Act), tance Program, hand in hand with thatneeded them. Thedivision also be- technical publications (e.g., technical archeologists across the nation, are gan to provideguidance, coordination, briefs and studies), assistance(e.g., for working to improveall these areas. and oversightforarcheology through- WINTER 1993 FEDERALARCHEOLOGYREPORT Preservation Partners Along the First Frontier Mid-Atlantic Regional Office Cultural Resource Planning Branch LastOCTOBER, the dedication of joined laterby Grumet and region the Army and the AirNational Guard, aNational Historic Landmark NHLcoordinatorBill Bolger, paved and play important supportive roles in in Montville, CT, celebrated the the way forthe site's designation as a the New Jersey Urban History Initia- success ofan innovative partnership National Historic Landmark. tive, the LackawannaHeritage Valley between Native Americans and Fed- Branch archeologists also develop ar- plan, and other special projects coordi- eral archeologists. cheological awareness programs for nated by the Mid-Atlantic Regional Fort Shantok, the site ofa 17th cen- youth groups, assist the Departmentof Office. tury Mohegan community led by the prominent sachem Uncas, is one of SAFEGUARDING ANGELMOUNDS tsihteesbeisntsporuetsheerrvneNdehiwstEornigclaInndd.iaTnritboawln OmanythweelblanhkasveofbethceoOmheioonReiovefrt,henemaorsEtvasnhsovritl-lliev,eIdNN,atisioannal80H0i-syteoarri-coLladnsdimtearthkast, historian MelissaFawcett-Sayet, ifnotforthe branch and the U.S. Army Corps ofEngineers. speaking forthe many elders and Angel Mounds State Historic Site marks the well-preserved remains ofaMiddle otherMohegans, captured the spirit of Mississippian Culture town thatserved as acenterofreligion, politics, and trade the event: "The Mohegan tribe is hon- between A.D. 1200and 1400. Designated aNational HistoricLandmark in 1964, ored that aplace which has always theproperty is administeredby theIndianaStateMuseum. been considered by us a sacred site in Theerosion ofanearby island, which has shieldedthesitefrom thewaters ofthe our homeland is now being honored Ohio sinceprehistoric times, led to the locale's listing as athreatened site. Re- by the Federal government as well." sponding to thethreat, branch chiefLloyd N. Chapman worked with Corps ofEn- Fort Shantok is one ofseventeen ar- gineers Geographic Information System specialistMichael R. Waring and cheological sites and districts in the re- archeologistPaul R. Nickens, both based at theCorps' Waterways Experiment gion nominated as National Historic Station in Vicksburg, MS. Landmarks as a resultofa recent "his- Thethreescouted theareaand Waring analyzed aerial photographs andmaps of toric contact" theme study that itmadebetween 1913 and 1987. Feeding thedatainto his GIS computer, Waring broughttogetherNative Americans, found thatalmost two acres ofthe island wereeroding every year. At thatrate, the Federal government, and a hostof theriver's waters would breach the island and threaten Angel Mounds by 2014. others (see sidebar). The study typifies With thegroup's information in hand, theisland's ownerapplied forapermitto thebranch's activities. build astonebarrierto stabilizetheshoreline. By protecting his own interest, the Ledby chiefand supervisory archeolo- owneris helping topreserve a vital and irreplaceablepart ofthe nation's heritage. gistLloyd N. Chapman, archeologists THREEHUNDRED YEARS IN CONTEXT Bob Grumet and Bert Herbert work TheNortheast HistoricContacttheme study, begun in 1989, harnessed theen- with the branch historian, architectural ergy ofthreeParkServicedivisions, the Society for American Archaeology'sNa- historian, and historical landscape ar- tional Historic LandmarkCommittee, 17 statehistoric preservation offices, chitectto assistFederal and state agen- several Indian tribes, and morethan 200professional and avocational archeolo- cies, Indian tribes, and the public in a gists and historians. Behind the scenes, branch archeologists were key tocoordi- 17-state area. nating theenormouscast ofplayers. The study documentsrelations among Indians, Europeans, andAfricans during IN recentyears, region archeolo- thefirstthreecenturies ofthenortheastern United States, providing acontextfor gists have been involved in a array the nearly 1,000historic contact sites anddistricts identified. Branch archeologist ofprojects, from assessing erosion Bob Grumetwrote the400-pagereport. near aNational Historic Landmark to "HistoricContact" is thefirst archeological study ofits type undertaken since the conducting emergency excavations in National HistoricLandmarks survey prepared its initial theme studies between archeological deposits discovered dur- 1958 and 1962. It is also thefirstdeveloped as apreservation planning tool. ing construction ofa parking lot in the In the short-term, the study has served as a vehicleto nominate 17 new National rearofthe region's office building. Historic Landmarks. In the long-term, thestudy can be used by Federal, tribal, In 1991, when an 18th century Afri- state, and local governments to manage historiccontact period cultural resources can cemetery was uncovered during in the Northeast. construction ofaFederal building in The University ofOklahoma Pressplans topublish an abridged edition ofthere- lowerManhattan, the region's port in the spring of 1995. A Park Service version will follow. archeologists were called in. Herbert, — FEDERALARCHEOLOGYREPORT WINTER 1993 Adventures Archeology in Alaska Region Archeological Assistance Branch Vast distances, remote loca- The Park Service started the campaign to every school in the state. So far, the tions, difficult logistics, and fiveyears ago in cooperation with Na- reaction from educators has been over- bad weather make running tivecorporations, Federal, state, and whelming. Teachers use the posters, Alaska's Archeological Assistance municipal agencies, and private indus- which incorporate Native Alaskan Branch a never-ending adventure. words, to enhance theirbilingual edu- The region's archeologists range cation programs. from the Aleutians to the Mt. McKin- DEAUNGWITH IVORYDEMAND Archeology Sltewatch ley foothills, from sifting the battle- One initiativebrings all the scarred remains ofWorld War II to branch's areas ofconcentration On-the-ground protection is areal working with police and FBI agents National HistoricLandmarks, edu- challenge in Alaska. The Park Service to protect the state's rich archeologi- cation, pro—tection, andtechnical has only one ranger forevery million cal heritage. assistance tobearonasingle acres, and the ratio is lower at other The Alaska program emphasizes problem. Federal agencies. Itcan take daysjust four areas: National Historic Land- In Alaska, the sale ofarcheologi- toreach asite. A marks, public education, protection cal material is big business. As a result, partnerships are essential. of sites and artifacts, and technical number ofsites are being mined The staffworks closely with the rang- assistance, especially to Native for old walrus ivory and whale ers and with otherFederal and state in- Alaskans. and walrus bone for use in manu- vestigators. Branch chiefSusan facturing newjewelry, scrim- Morton, a trained law enforcement of- The Remains of War shaw, and carvings. Although ficer as well as an archeologist, has In 1985, as partofaWorld WarII osnomperiovfatteheprsoipteesrtbye—inginmcliundeidngare workedon investigations with the theme study, the Secretary ofthe Inte- one former National Historic Fish and Wildlife Service, the Drug riordesignated Attu and KiskaIslands Landmark de-designated because Enforcement Administration, the FBI, in the Aleutians as National Historic ofthe damage and another and Alaska's state troopers. — Landmarks. The islands, which were headed in the same direction the Assisting Native Alaskans held by Japanese troops during the threat is spreading to Federal war, are littered with the legacy ofthe lands. An unusual degree ofcultural continu- conflict: war-torn buildings, downed The marketforthe so-called "fossil ity and political awareness gives many aircraft, and submerged shipwrecks. ivory" has exploded with thetour- Native communities an added stake in The Alaskaoffice has launched aco- ism boom and shows no sign of preserving theirown cultures. operative projectto study the literally abating. Thebranch has drafted a Two years ago, the branch extended thousands ofsites and artifacts ac- brochureexplaining the problem, technical assistance to the Inupiat Es- knowledged by the initial landmark causing quite a stir. People in the kimo village ofPoint Hope on the At- documentation but notdescribed or fossil ivory trade are not interested lantic Ocean. Coastal erosion and fall evaluated. The Fish and Wildlife Serv- in having the issue pointed outto storms had combined to expose buri- ice, theNavy, theCoast Guard, and the public. als from a late prehistoric/early his- the submerged cultural resources unit Despite this opposition, thebranch toric period Thule site on village wentforward with apublic review ofthe Park Service have alljoined the corporation land. effort. ofthedraft and plans to publish the At the request ofvillage elders, Park brochure next summer. Service archeologists excavated the Saving Alaska's Past burials, analyzed what they found, At the Alaska region, education and and returned the bodies for reburial protection go hand in hand. "Save try. Alaska Archeology Week, which last spring. This winter, a report on Alaska's Past," a multifaceted public reached 50,000 people last year, has the project written for a lay audience education campaign, is one way this been the campaign's centerpiece. will be distributed to every house- office works with the state's citizens The branch has also designed archeol- hold in Point Hope in conjunction to protect their valuable heritage. ogy posters and brochures featuring with a special presentation to the vil- the protection theme, which were sent lage. WINTER 1993 FEDERALARCHEOLOGYREPORT We Do ii Dinosaursii Rocky Mountain Region Interagency Archeological Services the publicmind, archeologists INand dinosaurs often go hand in "LOOK BEFOREYOU DIG" hand, afallacy abetted by the Thesewords arethetouchstone in abranch-sponsored trainingcourseon howto Rocky Mountain region. The branch investigate sites withoutbreakingearth. Students handlethe latest in ground pene- recently nominated Dinosaur Ridge tratingradar, sitephotography fromremotecontrolled model aircraft, computer nearDenver as aNational Historic mapping programs, and othertechnology. Landmark, and has assessed paleon- Thecourse, partofthe Park Servicecultural resourcetraining initiative, focuses tological sites on several military res- on using theequipment in thefield, wheredatacan be immediately applied. For ervations. So it's a safebetthatbranch the lastthree years, t—raining hasbeen on theU.S. Army's Pinon Canyon Maneu- archeologists won't be wearing the verSite inColorado attheLockwood Stage Station, which datesf—romthe "We don't do dinosaurs" T-shirts re- 1870s, and atBrown's SheepCamp, ahistoric stage stop andranch as well as at cently popularized by Wyoming Ar- Wyoming's FortLaramieNational Historic Site. Nexttime, pending funds to hold thecourse, students will use theequipmentto lookfortheremains ofForts cheological Awareness Week. The office does offer assistance to gov- JohTnh,eWisltluideanmt,s—andwhPloatcteo,mwehfircohmeatrhleieFredoecrcaulpigeodvetrhnemLeanrta,msiteatseitper.eservation of- ernment andprivate organizations in a fices, colleges, museums, and international agencies and universities from Mex- 16-state arearanging from the Cana- icoto India—havelaudedthetraining. Thecoursehas also spawned two dian bordertothe GulfofMexico, manuals: Near-Surface, HighResolution GeophysicalMethodsforCulturalRe- from Illinois to Utah. Covering this sourceManagementandArchaeologicalInvestigationsby Don H. Heimmer territory can induce "taxonomic over- (now in its second printing) andLowAltitudeLargeScaleReconnaissanceby load" says one staffer, butthere is cer- JamesW. Walker. tainly no dearth ofinteresting work. OPEN BOOK ON ARCHEOLOGY — BESIDES DINOSAUR RIDGE Once "Howdid youdo it?" isthesubjectofStateArcheologicalEducation Programs, home to Colorado's s—tate dino- awidely distributed publication (now in its second printing) on publiceducation saur, the stegosaurus the in 12 Plains states, Illinois, and theCanadian province ofSaskatchewan. The branch is working on anumberof book, based on asymposium held atthe49th Annual Meeting ofthePlainsCon- nominations forNational Historic ference, offersexamples ofprograms, lessons learned, and pragmatic advice. Landmarks, including Hawikuh on the DAZZLINGDEMONSTRATION PROJECT Zuni Reservation (visited by Franciso AtNew Mexico's Kirtland AirForceBase,theroarofjetsrumbles outoverone Coronado in 1540), North Dakota's ofthe nation'srichestareas forarcheology on military land. Thanks to ainnova- FortClark (formertrading post and tive projectsupervised by thebranch, theseriches arebeing brought to light. stopoverfor Lewis and Clark and art- The work, done fortheDepartmentofDefensethrough acontractwith Mariah ists George Catlin and Karl Bodmer), Associates, Inc., encompasses geomorphology, paleontology, history, oral his- the folsom type site (where archeolo- tory, archeology, and architecture as well as popularreports and videos. Dubbed a gists first linked man with extinct ani- "total cultural resource managementplan," thedemonstration project utilizes mals), Wagon Bed Springs (a stat—e-of-the-arttechnology as well as "lots ofold-fashioned walking and record- must-stop for water along the SantaFe ing thereally fun stuff," in thewords ofone archeologist. Prehistoric sites span Trail in Kansas), Iowa's Julien the Paleoindian through lateAnasazi periods; theremains ofhistoric mines, Dubuque Lead Mines (where the na- ranches, and military structures are alsopresent. tion's first major mineral rush took Sofar, Anasazi settlementpatterns are beingclarified, artifact types refined, and place), and the Buxton Town Site (a trade networks and cultural lelationships identified. The work has led to amuch turn ofthe century African American better understanding ofthe Holocene-period environmentin the middleRio Grande area; apreviously unknown lake from thePleistocene/Holoceneerawas coal mining community, also in Iowa). discovered. The office is active in the Colorado Over20proposalsforfurtherstudy havebeen submitted to the Department ofDe- Archeological Education and Anti- fense Legacy Program, focused on studying Anasazi horticulture, discovering the Vandalism Task Force, which organ- sources ofclay used in ceramics, conducting oral interviews with a range ofeth- izes Colorado Archeological nicgroups, and using high-tech equipment in the field to record artifacts, among Awareness Week. Plans are underway othertopics. to distribute halfa million copies of — FEDERALARCHEOLOGYREPORT WINTER 1993 therecentbrochure "AVisitor's Guide by the Park Service Rocky Mountain There is the recent past to deal with toPrehistoricColorado" inconjunction region. Forthe past several years, as too. Iffunds can be had, staffarcheolo- withtheColoradoHistorical Society, part ofthe Park Service cultural re- gists hope to analyze excavations con- BureausofLand ManagementandRec- source training initiative, the staffhas ducted by the Smithsonian Institution lamation,ForestService, ColoradoAr- provided training classes in remote years ago along the upperMissouri A chaeological Society, andColorado sensing and geophysical techniques. River during the RiverBasin Survey. CouncilofProfessionalArcheologists. session on recording rock art is Ifthis weren'tenough, staffmembers Theoffice also plans to take partin an planned. Numerous technical briefs also keep up with theirown individual ecosystem managementplan initiated and manuals are also in the works. research on archeological subjects. Beneath Southern Soil Southeast Region Interagency Archeological Services Division While itwillalways be true that archeologistsneedto communicate ef- A VANISHINGWAY OFLIFE fectivelyamong themselves, itnow is In the north ofGeorgiaand South Carolina, stretching acrossElbert andAb- abundantly clearthatunless theyalso bevilleCounties, is apatchwork ofwoods and rolling clay hills mingled with communicate effectively with the gen- small towns and farms. Sparsely populated and mostly rural, theregion even to- eralpublic . . . allelse willbe wasted day provides aglimpseofavanishing way oflifein the South. — effort. In ThoseDays:African-AmericanLifeNearthe—SavannahRiver anotherkey entryinthedivision'spublicinterpretationinitiative chroniclesthelivesofAfrican —C.R. McGimsey III and H.A. Davis, American residents overthelastcentury and ahalf, astold in theirown words. quoted in Beneath These Waters: Ar- Thebook begins with slavery andcontinuesthrough to modern times, exploring cheologicalandHistoricalStudiesof the many facetsoflifealong theriver. The residents' recollections are atthe heart ofthe story, presented against abackdrop ofresearch abouttheregion and related 11,500 YearsAlong the Savannah eventselsewhere in the South. River, 1993 IN DEFENSEOFA MONUMENT TheAlabamaNational Guard may soon wearanewcampaign ribbon on itschest: won by defending abeleaguered national monument. FROMTHE WANING DAYS ofthe Ice Acreekhadbeeneatingaway attheentrancetoAlabama'sRussellCaveNational Age, when prehistoric people Monument,butwithneithermanpower,machinery,ormoney,thedivisionandthesite roamed the southeast, to modern managerwereatalossaboutwhattodo.Theninspirationstruck:callouttheGuard. times—and the fading ofsmall family Serendipitously, Company A ofthe 151st Engineer Battalion, basedjust farms it's all captured in the pages down the road from the monument, was able toundertake the projectas atrain- ofBeneath These Waters, a landmark ing exercise, working hand in hand with division archeologists. As an outgrowth publication that typifies the work spon- ofthe project, theunitplans tojoin futureprotection projects at the monument. sored by the southeast division. Two The work at Russell Cave isjust part ofthe division's program to stabilize and decades in the making, the book is an protectsites.Thedivisionregularlycanvasesparksintheregionabouttheirsitestabi- archeological slice oflife along the Sa- lizationandprotection needs,then worksclosely withtheUniversityofMississippi's vannah River, a tale ofa 28-mile CenterforArchaeological Researchtotailortechniquestospecific kindsoflocations. stretch now submerged by the Richard Trainingcoursesandpublishedaccountsfollow tocommunicatethe information. B. Russell Dam and Lake. PICTURE OFDESTRUCTION The building ofthe dam brought Disseminating information is integral tothedivision's mission. Site Destruction together hundreds of archeologists in Georgiaandthe Carolinas, thesecond volume in the Readings in Archeologi- and other specialists in what has cal Resource Protection series, hasjust gone to print. This collection ofessays, been called a model of how cooper- written by archeologists in public agencies throughoutthe southeast, examines the ating agencies managed one of the many forces that affect archeological sites and paints a vivid picture ofthede- most complete regional investiga- struction caused by both man and nature. Thebooks shows how the archeological tions ever. But the story didn't end community is responding tothecrisis and describes some ofthe ingenious solu- there. As part of its public interpre- tions forcoping with it. tation initiative, the division WINTER 1993 FEDERALARCHEOLOGYREPORT along wit—h the U.S. Army Corps of From the Western Edge Engineers hired writers Sharyn Kane and Richard Keeton to share the findings with the nation. Thejust- published book has won wide praise. Western Regional Office "Too often, the results of archeologi- Interagency Archeological Services cal investigations are kept in obscu- rity or are written about in such heavyjargon that most people can't FROMTHECASCADE RANGEtothe understand them," says James W. SonoranDesert,fromtheGreatBasin PHOENIX INDIAN SCHOOL Coleman, Jr., southeast regional di- totheMarianaTrench,theInteragency ThePhoenix Indian School,runby rector for the National Park Service. ArcheologicalServicesBranchcoordinates theBureau ofIndianAffairs, was "Beneath These Waters is a refresh- projectsfromitshumbleheadquartersinSan thehomeandschool formanyNa- ing departure that focuses on the hu- Francisco.Aseven-personstaffprovidestech- tiveAmericanyouthfornearlya man aspects without sacrificing nicalassistancetoprivate,state,andFederal hundredyears, between 1891 and scientific importance." interestsinHawaii,California,Nevada,Ari- 1990. ItwasherethataNavajo Thedivisionprovides its scientific zona,Oregon,Washington,andIdaho,en- standardorthography (alphabet) expertise in protecting and preserving compassingboththeParkServiceWestern wasdevelopedandthefirsteduca- tional materialsintheNavajolan- sites to parks as well as to other Fed- andPacificNorthwestRegions. guagepublished. Manyprominent eral, state, local, and private agencies Althoughdedicatedtoworkingwith"exter- NativeAmericanartists studiedand and organizations both within and out- nal"groups,thestaffcoordinatesclosely taughtattheschool, locatedin what side the region. The office takes spe- withcolleaguesinsidetheParkServiceas is nowdowntownPhoenix. cial care to ensure that the knowledge well.Thedivision'sareaofresponsibility Whentheschoolclosed,theadministra- gleaned from its work is shared with alsoincludescurrentandformertrustterri- tionofthepropertywastransferredtothe archeologists, related professionals, toriesofthePacificincludingAmericanSa- ParkServiceuntilitspassagetoprivate and the general public. moa,Guam,theCommonwealthofthe hands.Beforethetransfer,preservation Behind each project is the phi- NorthernMarianaIslands,andtheFreely lawsrequiredstudy.WiththeBureau's losophy that the division, as a AssociatedStatesofMicronesia help,theParkServiceandArizonaSta—te steward ofthe nation's heri- THE DIVISION'S MICRONESIAN Universityevaluatedthe'TrackSite" tage, has an obligation to promote a programoffersunmatchedoppor- whichconstitutesarecordofthearcheo- preservation ethic in every commu- tunitiesforassistingthatregion, logicalrema—insoftheschoolduringthe early1900s anddocumentedthree nity. The division's goals are to: (1) withinternational andpotentiallyfar- buildingsandawarmemorialfortheHis- communicate principles ofcultural reachingeffects. Overthenexteight toricAmericanBuildingsSurvey. worth to a population with more di- years,theU.S.governmenthasmadea Apopularaccountoftheschool'slast verseethnic and minority influences commitmenttoassisttheFederated 50yearshasbeenpublishedthrough than ever, (2) develop techniques for StatesofMicronesia(Kosrae,Pohnpei, thedivision;amajorthemeishowthe preserving both cultural diversity and Chuuk [Truk],andYap),theRepublicof schooladaptedtoFederalIndianpolicy. collective heritage, (3) fostermutual Palau, andtheRepublicoftheMarshall TOTHE RESCUEATFORTHALL responsibility forthatheritage, and (4) Islandswiththeiremerginghistoricpres- Thechanging course ofIdaho's increase awareness ofproblems relat- ervationprograms.TheParkServiceand Snake River led to aunusual part- ing to cultural resources. thehistoricpreservationofficersofthese nershipcoordinated by thedivi- An important partofthis mission is countrieshaveworkedoutalong-term sion—between the Bureau of helping otheragencies develop his- planthatincludesspecializedtrainingin Indian Affairs, the Bureau ofRec- toric preservation plans, calledHPPs. conductingarcheology,evaluatinghis- lamation, the Park Service, and HPPs, which are geared to protecting toricproperties,curatingandconserving the Shoshone-Bannock tribes. cultural resources on large tracts, inte- WorldWarIIartifacts, anddocumenting The river's waters threaten to grateexisting archeological, ethno- oral history andtraditionalknowledge. erode, and perhaps destroy, Fort graphic, architectural, and historical Staffmemberscoordinatearangeofpro- Hall National Historic Landmark information about a site and its envi- gramsthroughoutallthejurisdictions.They inthesoutheastern partofthestate. rons into a long-range land use plan. disseminatetechnicalinformation,devise The landmarkcommemoratesafur The division is currently overseeing preservationplans,administrateculturalre- tradingpostofthemid-1800s,latera contracts for completing HPPs at sev- sourcemanagementcontracts,nominate majorstopforemigrantsusingthe eral military bases around the south- sitesasNationalHistoricLandmarks,con- OregonandCaliforniaTrails. east and assisting the Forest Service ductpreservationtraining,administerthe Thereisdebateontheexactlocationof and the U.S. Army in preparing NationalArcheologicalDatabase,andre- theadobe-walledfortanditsassociated HPPs. viewFederalenvironmental documents. Indianandemigrantcamps,sinceall FEDERALARCHEOLOGYREPORT WINTER 1993 that remains today are archeological ment and testing ofover 50 types of tions —withthelocalChumashdescen—t features and artifacts. This added im- missiles and satellites. Besides being group) theSantaYnezReservation led petus to study the site, which is partly one ofthe first bases to undertake toamemorandumofunderstanding in on the Fort Hall Indian Reservation, compliance with preservation laws, 1977. home of the Shoshone-Bannock. Vandenberg has been years ahead of InanticipationoftheNativeAmerican InOctober,acrewofarcheologistsfrom its time in working with Native Ameri- GravesProtectionandRepatriationAct, EasternWashingtonUniversityprobed cans. Vandenbergwasagaininnovative; in thesite,withthehelpofvolunteersfrom Archeologicallyspeaking,Vandenbergisim- 1990thebasesignedanagreementwith thetribes,theBIA,theParkService,and pressive.Withonly7percentofthebase theSantaYnezEldersCouncilforstudy theIdahohistoricpreservationoffice.Pre- surveyed,over700sitesspanningnearly andreintemmentofNativeAmericanre- liminaryevidencesupportsthefort'sloca- 9,000yearsofprehistoryhavebeenre- mains,allocatinglandforreintemment. tionasoriginallydocumented.Following corded.TheseincludelargeChumashvil- Thatsameyear,Vandenbergenteredinto furtheranalysis, thenextstepwillbe lagesitesknownfromearlySpanish acurationagreementwiththeUniversity dealingwiththethreatposedbytheriver. missionrecords,sacredsites,androckart. ofCaliforniaatSantaBarbara.By 1992 TOP-FLIGHTPRESERVATION Thebaseisalsodottedwithhistoric theAdvisoryCouncilReporttothePresi- ranchesandtheremainsofChinesefishing dentandtheCongressofthe United Vandenberg AirForceBase, 60miles campslikelylinkedtothebuilding of StateshadcitedVandenbergasoneofthe northwest ofSantaBarbaraon Califor- theSouthernPacific Railroad. topfourbasesnationwideinmanaging nia's south-centralcoast, is thethird TheParkServicebeganprovidingassis- both natural and cultural resources. largestairbaseinthecontinentalUnited tancetoVandenbergin 1969.Goodrela- States,an imposingforceinthedevelop- FROM THE ARCHIVES Changing Directions in Federal Archeology Rex L. Wilson Rex Wilson wrote thefollowingwhenhe vestigations in federal or federally as- senceofcultural valuesonNational For- servedasdepartmentalconsultingar- sisted land-altering projects estsystem landstobeaffectedbydevel- . cheologistin the 1970s. The initiatives The U.S. Forest Service serves as an opmentactivities.Thisrepresenteda hedescribesframethemissionof Fed- excellent example ofthese recent de- budgetincreasefromzeroin 1966. eralarcheologytoday, andmanyofthe velopments. From a single full-time The Forest Service programs demon- issuesremainrelevant. professional archeologist in 1966, by strate a greatly heightened threshold 1975 the Forest Service's archeologi- ofawareness ofcultural history values Although THE historic in- cal staffhas grown to 17 full-time pro- among theiremployees at all levels of fessionals located in central and field work. Payofffrom this effort is re- volvement of the federal offices. Theirpart-time professional flected in a significantly increased government in American archeology is well known, few fed- s2t0afdfuhraisnggrthoewn19f7r5omfienlodnseeaisnon1.96T6heto linetveenltoafnvdolsupinrtiatroyfctohmepllaiwa.nce with the eral agencies in modern times have actu- Forest Service is now recruiting for We take seriously ourcoordinative ally funded archeological investigations. two additional full-time archeologists, role under recent legislation, and we Fewerstill havedeveloped archeologi- who will be located in regional offices. are moving toward total implementa- cal programsand hiredarcheologists. For the 1977 fiscal yearthe Forest tion ofa realigned external archeologi- But, promptedby recent preservation Service budgeted around $1.5 million cal program in the National Park legislation, several federal agencies to (a) administerand operate cultural Service. Changes we are making are havebecomeincreasingly sensitiveto history properties on which preserva- specifically designed, in consultation theneedtopreservethe nation'scultural tion management decisions have been with colleagues outside the federal resources. Theirconcern is reflectedby made; and (b) conduct and maintain government, as a furtherexpression of therecentemploymentofarcheologists professional-level cultural history sur- our determination to be full partners in in anumberofagencies and inthefund- We ing support now being provided for in- veys toestablish the presence or ab- the archeological profession. are WINTER 1993 FEDERALARCHEOLOGYREPORT building a staffofcarefully selected Act. Equally important, they are ex- resource management, Native Ameri- professionals who will represent a plicitly designed to promote equitabil- can versus archeologist relationships, We body ofexpertise second to none. ityinallaspectsofresearchprocurement. and several others that have grown in- intend toensure that archeological in- Accordingly,wehavediscontinuedsole- creasingly crucial over the past sev- vestigations undertaken under federal sourcecontractingwiththelargereduca- eral years. auspices will be ofa nature and qual- tionalinstitutionsandmuseumsasbasic We orderTO increase meaningful ity equal to the best research being car- policy. havetakenthepositionthata IN communication with the archeo- ried out anywhere in the country. continuationofthispractice,whichchar- logical community and to improve As acterizedtheInteragencyArcheological Adirectresultofrecentlegisla- the professional diversity and strength SalvageProgramfor30years,undulyre- tionandenlightenedfederalpro- ofthe Interagency Archeological Serv- grams,weneednolonger strictstheresearchmarket.Furthermore,it ices staff, we have established an in- discouragesintellectualgrowthandinno- conductthekindofarcheologywehave ternship program designed to bring vationandunfairlyandillegallyelimi- longthoughtofassalvage.Emergencysitu- practicing professionals and graduate natesqualifiedsmallcollegesand ationswilldoubtlessarisefromtimeto students into the National Park Serv- universities,privateconcerns,andindivid- time,towhichwemustreactimmediately. ice on temporary appointments. ualarcheologistsfromconsiderationfor Butsuchsituationsarerapidlydwindling We As ourprogram grows in responsive- contracts. expect,inaddition,tosettle andarebecomingexceptionalcases.With ness to the needs ofthe discipline, we thequestionofthesuitabilityofcommer- ournewauthoritieswearenowabletoen- will continue to seek additional means cial firmstocarryoutarcheologicalmiti- terintolong-termagreementsthatwillset ofimproving on ourrelationships with gationunderfederalcontractby thestageforfurtherdevelopmentofarcheo- the profession and thepublic at large. encouragingtheirparticipationintheIn- logicalmethodandtheoryandwillencour- Procedures andguidelinesforcompli- teragencyArcheologicalProgram.Be- ageprogrammaticandproblem-oriented ance withExecutiveOrder 11593 and causetheInteragencyArcheological researchunderfederalcontract.Thecon- PublicLaw93-291 being developedfor ServicesstaffoftheNationalParkService tractingprocedureswehaverecently publication are intendedfortheprimary isfullycommittedtorepresenttheprofes- adoptedaredesignedtoassurethatcontract- useoffederal agencies whoseprograms sionalinterestsofthearcheologicalcom- inginstitutionsdevelopresearchstrategies munitywithinthefederalgovernment,we mustbeincompliance with the law. thatnotonlywillresultinproductsthatwill Theseprocedures include, inconsider- havesoughttoenhancebothourcredibil- satisfytheneedsofthefundingagency,but abledetail, thepositiontakenby theDe- ityandourinteractionwiththeprofession. willhavethepotentialforsolidcontribu- We partmentoftheInteriorin regardto havetakenandwillcontinuetotake tionstoanthropologicalarcheology. qualificationsofinstitutionseligiblefor stepscalculatedtoexpandthelimited In addition, ourcompetitive negotia- fundingsupportunderthefederal pro- scopethatoncecharacterizedourexternal tionprocessisdesignedtoextendfull programs.Forexample,wehavecon- grams, professional standards forreport- considerationtosmallinstitutionsandpri- ingon research results, and tractedforseveral studiesrelatedtothe vatefirmsaswellastolargeinstitutions, qualificationsunderfederalcontracts. generalmatterofland-useplanningthat consistentwithourpolicyofawarding couldaffectculturalresourcesnowandin conclusion I wouldobservethat contractstothosebestqualifiedtocarry IN We thefuture. Ourplanwastorelatepredic- therehas probably neverbeen a outtheresearchneeded. recognize tivestatementsaboutthedistributionof moreexcitingtimetobe an archeolo- thatinrecentyearsimportanttrendshave developedthatmay leadtothesolution suchresourcestoprojectedlandusesthat gist,eitherinsideoroutsidethefederal mightdamageordestroythem.Theseand government. Thechallengeshavenever ofmanytheoretical andmethodological We otherrelatedstudieswillsupportthede- been greater, andthere has neverbeen a problems. havejoinedintheseefforts velopmentofproceduresforcomprehen- greateropportunity on ourparttocon- withtheobjectiveofimprovingthequal- We sivearcheologicalplanningthatcanbe tribute substantially to knowledge. ityandtimelinessofdatarecoveryunder authorityofPublicLaw93-291 Thepo- implementedbyStateHistoricPreserva- have neverbefore had such potential for . tionOfficersandotherresourcemanagers. broadeningourprofession andbringing sitionwehavetakenisreinforcedbyfed- Another itintoacloseralignment with ourpar- eralprocurementregulationsrecently recentstepcalculated entdiscipline. Oursuccessorfailurede- calledtoourattentionby legalcounsel. In to enhance our relationships pends altogetheron how mucheffort consequence, severalseriouslegalde- with the profession was taken we are willingtoinvest. fectsinourtraditionalcontractingproce- through acontract with the Society for durehavebeenidentifiedandcorrected. American Archaeology. We con- Althoughcumbersome,theseregulations tracted with the Society for a series of Excerpted from SocialArcheology: establish aprocurementsystemcalcu- seminars designed to developcon- BeyondSubsistence andDating (New latedtosupportand promotethequality cepts and recommendations from York: Academic Press, 1978), pp. 445- improvementrecognizedascrucialtothe withinthedisciplinedealingwith such 448. Used by permission. archeologicalactivitiesbeingfundedby mutual concernsasprofessional stand- thefederalgovernmentunderthe 1974 ards, standardsforreportwriting,cultural 10 FEDERALARCHEOLOGYREPORT WINTER 1993 News and Notes Old Meets New at Mesa Verde at the computer-aided drafting studio sources. Project proposals are due by AtColorado'sMesaVerdeNationalPark shared by HABS and the Historic March 1. For further information, con- andHovenweepNationalMonument,the American Engineering Record. To tact OfficeofMuseum Programs,A&I erosionofcenturies-oldAnasazi struc- produce elevations, the photogrammet- #2235-MRC427,SmithsonianInstitu- tureshaslongconcernedarcheologists,ar- ric images will be digitized into Auto- tion,Washington,DC20560.Phone: chitects,andlandmanagers.Now,aspart cad software; plans and sections will (202)357-3101;fax: (202)357-3346. ofplannedmaintenanceandrestoration, be drawn using a combination ofcom- theHistoricAmericanBuildingsSurvey puter-aided drafting and traditional Land in New Hands The Archaeological Conservancy has transferred an 80-acre holding in Chaco Culture National Historical The LastoftheYahi Park to the National Park Service. The BeforeColumbus, therewereat least 10million NativeAmericans in North Amer- Conservancy purchased the land at a ica. By 1910, their numbers had dwindled to less than 300,000. In California, 1991 tax auction in orderto protect government-sponsored genocideduringthe mid 1800s nearly exterminated the ChacoCanyon's sensitive cultural re- state's Indians. In 191 1, thelastsurvivorofthe Yahi tribe lefthis homeland, in the sources dating to the Anasazi culture foothills ofnorthern California'sMountLassen, and walked into the whiteman's ofthe 10th century. The Park Service world. Ishi, theLast Yahi is his tragic but inspiring story. ForanthropologistAlfred Kroeber, Ishi's appearancewas ascientific windfall. reimbursed the Conservancy forthe Kroeberhad searched many years for"wild, uncontaminatedIndians" whocould costofthe land and related expenses. documentaboriginal life inAmerica. Ishi spentthe lastfouryearsofhis life as an Legacy Program Funded informantand teacher, recounting Yahi stories and demonstrating theirtraditional ways. Kroeber's beliefthatAmerican Indian cultures weredoomed has been On November 11, President Clinton proved wrong. Today, theNativeAmerican population has risen from its lowest signed P.L. 103-139, the Department point in 1911 toovertwo million. ofDefense fiscal year 1994 appropria- In addition to stills, archival footage, and dramatizedreadings, the award-winning tions legislation. The DoD Legacy re- film features interviews with several authorities on theYahi and therelevanceof source management program received Ishi's message today. $50 million, and House-Senate confer- Formore information, contact filmmakerJed Riffe,Ishi Film Project,Saul ees directed "that lands, facilities and ZaentzFilm Center, 2600 10th St.,Suite426,Berkeley,CA 94710. Phone: property owned and/or managed by (510)841-2337; fax: (510) 486-2015. the National Guard in each ofthe fifty states and territories are specifically in- cluded" in the program. has launched a state-of-the-art project ink-on-drafting film techniques. Schumacher Gets Award to monitorerosion at the fragile sites. For more information, contactJoseph The structures' irregular nature called D. Balachowski, StaffArchitect, In honorofalmost 50 years in historic for a mix ofnew and old measurement HABS/HAER Division, National preservation, the Society forCalifor- techniques: photogrammetry and com- Park Service, P.O. Box 37127, nia Archaeology presented Paul Schu- puter-aided drafting in concert with Washington, DC 20013-7127. macher with the 1993 Mark Raymond traditional surveying and hand-measur- Phone: (202) 343-9629. Harrington Award forConservation ing. The HABS team will use informa- Archaeology. Schumacher's career in- tion on the sites' current state as a Smithsonian Fellowships cluded a quartercentury with the Na- baseline to gauge future erosion. Applications are invited for the third tional Park Service, beginning as a InPhaseI,alreadycompleted,aphoto- annual Smithsonian fellowships in mu- "buck ranger" in 1945 and ending as grammetriccamerawasusedtorecordex- seum practice program. The fellow- the first western regional archeologist. teriorsurfacesatMesaVerde'sBalcony ships, which usually provide $4,000 Schumacher, known for calling atten- HouseandHovenweep'sLittleRuincom- stipends to cover living expenses, en- tion to what other preservationists plex.Theteamalsotookfieldnotesonthe able experienced professionals in mu- overlooked, also played a major role overall layoutandstructuraldetails. seums and allied institutions to in founding both the Society for Cali- In PhaseII, notyet underway, team undertakeresearch in museum theory fornia Archaeology and the Society members will make measureddrawings andoperations, usingSmithsonianre- for Historical Archaeology.