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The Attention Complex This page intentionally left blank T A C HE TTENTION OMPLEX ME DIA , AR CHEOLOGY , ME THOD Kenneth Rogers THE ATTENTION COMPLEX Copyright © Kenneth Rogers, 2014. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 978-1-137-00412-3 All rights reserved. Diagrams 1–6 and Figure 5.1 courtesy of Lisa Sato. First published in 2014 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-43453-4 ISBN 978-1-137-31864-0 (eBook) DOI10.1057/9781137318640 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the Library of Congress. A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Knowledge Works (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: January 2014 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 C ONTENTS List of Figures vii List of Diagrams ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction: Overview and Method 1 Overview 1 Critical Attention Studies 4 Method 14 The Repudiation of Universals/Problematization 24 The History of Science: From Episteme to Epistemologization 26 Diagrammatics: The D ispositif 30 Part I Attention Shifts 1 Behavior 41 Habit 44 Management 50 Tasks 63 2 Cognition 67 Intelligence 70 Vigilance 78 Control 89 3 Complex 101 Capacity 109 Return to Attention 125 Part II Attention Deficits 4 Resources 151 Theory 152 The Executive Function 160 Human Capital 176 vi Contents 5 Game of Life 183 Crowds 187 Attention Economy 195 Strategic Elaboration of the Complex 200 Notes 203 Bibliography 207 Index 237 F IGURES 1.1 Proper technique for application of mortar 53 1.2 Chronocyclographic motion study 54 1.3 Frank Gilbreth with a wireframe maquette 56 2.1 Mackworth clock experiments (ca. 1950–1960) 85 3.1 Dichotic listening experiment (ca. 1970) 108 3.2 Instrumented car used by Dr. Ivan Brown to measure drivers’ spare mental capacity (ca. 1965) 116 3.3 Head-mounted device for recording pilots’ eye movements (ca. 1960) 122 3.4 Remote monitoring of trafﬁ c and locations using multiple video screens, Alan Tickner and Christopher Poulton (1967) 123 3.5 Head-mounted device for video recording of test subjects’ ﬁ eld of vision (ca. 1969) 124 5.1 Game of Life, “The Glider” (1970) 184 This page intentionally left blank D IAGRAMS 1 General communication system. After Shannon (1949) 137 2 C orrection system. After Shannon and Weaver (1959) 1 39 3 General feedback loop (Wiener, Bertalanffy, Bateson, Meade et al. [n.d.]) 141 4 Limited-capacity model of attention. After Broadbent (1958) 143 5 Attenuation model of attention. After Treisman (1960, 1964) 145 6 Attention resources in information-processing systems. After Wickens (1984) 1 47