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Solid Waste Management: Principles and Practice PDF

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Environmental Science and Engineering Environmental Science Series Editors Rod Allan Ulrich Förstner Wim Salomons For furthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/3234 Ramesha Chandrappa Diganta Bhusan Das • Solid Waste Management Principles and Practice 123 Ramesha Chandrappa Diganta BhusanDas Karnataka State Pollution Chemical Engineering Department ControlBoard LoughboroughUniversity Biomedical Waste LoughboroughLE113TU Church Street UK Bangalore 560001 India ISSN 1431-6250 ISBN 978-3-642-28680-3 ISBN 978-3-642-28681-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-28681-0 SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012938705 (cid:2)Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2012 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purposeofbeingenteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthe work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of theCopyrightLawofthePublisher’slocation,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalways beobtainedfromSpringer.PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyright ClearanceCenter.ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) The authors dedicate the book to their families and colleagues Preface Ideally, a theory and a practice should be the same. However, when it comes to reality, theory differs from practice. Every year nearly one-third of the world’s population dies due to commucable diseases. On the other hand, many countries spend more than one-third of their annual expenditure on armed forces without realising that the threat to their community is more within the nation. While most of solid waste management is designed by literates and experts, a major part of the solid waste is managed by illiterates or the least literate or non- expert. Hence, there will always be shadows between the aspiration and realty— the reason that many solid waste management projects fail. While international consultants prepare volumes of manifests for hazardous waste transportation, illiteratedriversshiphazardouswasteswiththesemanifestswithoutknowingwhat to do with them. While international agencies fund many waste management projects, corrupt politiciansmayseekashareintheamountspenttowardsuchaproject.Inaddition, thereisalsoaninherentcultureofcitizensinmanydevelopingcountriesthrowing waste on the streets. While the third world struggles to get rid of waste from the immediate neighborhood, some developed countries may add to the waste by shipping waste from their countries in the name of charity or other guise. Solidwastemanagementneedsmorecommonsenseratherthanthesolutionof complicated partial differential equations and financial plans. In spite of many lacunae, innumerable efforts have been made in the past few decadestodomuchfortheEarth.Althoughwastemanagementhasnotdeveloped the way some other streams of science/engineering have grown, there are people and agencies who are working within their own limitations which have helped make progress in this area. Once we dig out and use all the possible resources on the Earth we would definitelyturntowasteforrecoveryofresources—apracticewhichisnowproven to be profitable in the case of extracting precious materials from waste from electrical and electronic equipments rather than from the ore. vii viii Preface Considering the above issues, an attempt is being made by us to minimize the knowledge gapinprintand onfieldafter workingmorethan adecadeinthe field andsurveyingmorethan300literatures.Wehavemadeanattempttotouchalmost alltheimportantaspectsofsolidwasteinthisbookwhilekeepinginmindboththe theory and practice. We have also tried to bring wholesomeness to our effort by discussing problems across the world instead of sticking to a single country. WearemostgratefultoMs.AgataOelshlaegerofSpringer-VerlagGmbHforthe continuousencouragementandsupportrightfromthebeginningtillthepublication ofthisbook. WeacknowledgethehelpofMs.K.P.Akshatha,Mr.SatishGarje,andMr.Amar YeshwanthofKarnatakaStatePollutionControlBoard(KSPCB),Bangalore,India fortheirhelpinwordprocessing. ThephotossharedbyMr.K.M.Lingaraju,Mr.M.N.Yoganand,Mr.RameshD. Naik, Mr. D. P. Mahendra of KSPCB, Mr. Krishnegowda of Apollo Hospital, Banaglore,Mr.D.K.Nagaraj,andMr.GuruprasadofSembRamkyPvt.Ltd.,Ban- galoreandMs.K.Rachithawereofgreathelp.SupportextendedbyDr.B.Nagappaof KSPCBfortheliteraturecollectionhelpedtocovermanypointsinthebook. Courtesy and knowledge extended by Mr. V. R. Joshi of K. G. Nandini Enterprises, Bangalore during a visit to their WEEE processing unit were greatly helpful in completing the book. Our acknowledgments would be incomplete without mentioning the name of Ms. P. Archana of KSPCB, Thambidurai Solaimuthu, and Agata Oelschläger of Springer whose association has helped in a great way in completing this book. Ramesha Chandrappa Diganta Bhusan Das Contents 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Need for Solid Waste Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2 Importance of a Sound Solid Waste Management. . . . . . . . . 5 1.3 Change in Characteristics in Quantity and Time. . . . . . . . . . 9 1.4 Waste Management in Pre-Industrialization Era . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.5 Waste Management in Post-Industrialization Era . . . . . . . . . 12 1.6 Integrated Solid-Waste Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.7 Waste Prevention and Life Cycle Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1.8 Producers Responsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1.9 Solid Waste Management and Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1.9.1 Need for Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1.9.2 International Regulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 1.9.3 Regulation in Different Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1.10 Framework for Solid Waste Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 1.10.1 Elements of a Waste Management System. . . . . . . 32 1.10.2 Stakeholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 1.11 Financial Issues in Solid Waste Management. . . . . . . . . . . . 35 1.11.1 Capital Investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 1.11.2 Operation and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 1.12 Waste Generation: Rich Vs Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 1.13 Psychology and Waste Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2 Waste Quantities and Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 2.1 Sources of Solid Waste. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 2.2 Quantities and Composition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 2.3 Physical, Chemical and Biological Characteristics . . . . . . . . 57 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 ix x Contents 3 Storage and Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.1 Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.2 Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.2.1 Collection From Low-Rise Detached Houses . . . . . 74 3.2.2 Collection From Low and Medium-Rise Apartment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 3.2.3 Collection From High-Rise Apartments. . . . . . . . . 75 3.2.4 Collection From Commercial and Industrial Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 3.2.5 Vehicles for Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 3.2.6 Pneumatic-Refuse-Collection System. . . . . . . . . . . 79 3.3 Transfer and Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 4 Materials Recovery and Recycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 4.1 Segregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 4.1.1 Hand Sorting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 4.1.2 Screens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 4.1.3 Air Classifiers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 4.1.4 Sink/Float Separators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 4.1.5 Inclined Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 4.1.6 Shaking Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 4.1.7 Optical Sorting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 4.1.8 Sorting by Differential Melting Temperature . . . . . 95 4.1.9 Sorting by Selective Dissolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 4.1.10 Magnetic Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 4.1.11 Eddy Current Separators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 4.1.12 Electrostatic Separators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 4.1.13 Shredding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 4.1.14 Pulping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 4.1.15 Crushing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 4.1.16 Baling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 4.1.17 Ballistic Separators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 4.2 Reuse and Recycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 4.2.1 Aerobic and Anaerobic Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 4.2.2 Composting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 4.2.3 Road Making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 4.2.4 Removal and Recovery Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 4.2.5 Stabilization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 4.2.6 Deactivation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 4.2.7 Metal Removal and Recovery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 4.2.8 Aqueous Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 4.2.9 Plastic Granulating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 4.2.10 Emerging Biological Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Contents xi 5 Disposal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 5.1 Landfill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 5.1.1 Processes Within a Landfill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 5.1.2 Controlling Leachate and Gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 5.1.3 Operation of Landfills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 5.1.4 Use of Old Landfill Sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 5.1.5 Landfill Mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 5.1.6 Land Filling Hazardous Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 5.2 Co-Processing of Solid Wastes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 5.3 Incineration and Waste to Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 5.3.1 Heat Value of Refuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 5.3.2 Combustion and Energy Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 5.3.3 Energy Production from Waste. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 5.3.4 Material and Thermal Balances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 5.3.5 Other Technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 6 Biomedical Waste. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 6.1 Significance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 6.1.1 Household Biomedical Waste. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 6.1.2 Biomedical Waste from Rural Area. . . . . . . . . . . . 155 6.2 Nosocomial Infection and Health Burden Due to Biomedical Waste. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 6.3 Characteristics and Quantities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 6.4 Treatment and Disposal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 6.5 Radioactive Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 6.6 Mercury in Biomedical Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 7 Hazardous Waste. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 7.1 Significance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 7.2 Precautions to be Taken Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 7.3 Characteristics and Quantity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 7.3.1 Household Hazardous Waste and Special Waste. . . 184 7.3.2 Hazardous Waste From Rural and Urban Area. . . . 185 7.4 Storage of Hazardous Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 7.5 Treatment and Disposal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 7.5.1 Stabilization and Solidification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 7.5.2 Incineration and Coincineration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 7.5.3 Landfill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 7.5.4 Precautions and Practices During Incineration and Land Filling Hazardous Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

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