Solid Waste Management: Principles and Practice

428 Pages·2012·15.18 MB·English

by  Ramesha Chandrappa

Environmental Science and Engineering
Environmental Science
Series Editors
Rod Allan
Ulrich Förstner
Wim Salomons
For furthervolumes:
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Ramesha Chandrappa Diganta Bhusan Das
•
Solid Waste Management
Principles and Practice
123
Ramesha Chandrappa Diganta BhusanDas
Karnataka State Pollution Chemical Engineering Department
ControlBoard LoughboroughUniversity
Biomedical Waste LoughboroughLE113TU
Church Street UK
Bangalore 560001
India
ISSN 1431-6250
ISBN 978-3-642-28680-3 ISBN 978-3-642-28681-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-28681-0
SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
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(cid:2)Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2012
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Preface
Ideally, a theory and a practice should be the same. However, when it comes to
reality, theory differs from practice.
Every year nearly one-third of the world’s population dies due to commucable
diseases. On the other hand, many countries spend more than one-third of their
annual expenditure on armed forces without realising that the threat to their
community is more within the nation.
While most of solid waste management is designed by literates and experts, a
major part of the solid waste is managed by illiterates or the least literate or non-
expert. Hence, there will always be shadows between the aspiration and realty—
the reason that many solid waste management projects fail. While international
consultants prepare volumes of manifests for hazardous waste transportation,
illiteratedriversshiphazardouswasteswiththesemanifestswithoutknowingwhat
to do with them.
While international agencies fund many waste management projects, corrupt
politiciansmayseekashareintheamountspenttowardsuchaproject.Inaddition,
thereisalsoaninherentcultureofcitizensinmanydevelopingcountriesthrowing
waste on the streets. While the third world struggles to get rid of waste from the
immediate neighborhood, some developed countries may add to the waste by
shipping waste from their countries in the name of charity or other guise.
Solidwastemanagementneedsmorecommonsenseratherthanthesolutionof
complicated partial differential equations and financial plans.
In spite of many lacunae, innumerable efforts have been made in the past few
decadestodomuchfortheEarth.Althoughwastemanagementhasnotdeveloped
the way some other streams of science/engineering have grown, there are people
and agencies who are working within their own limitations which have helped
make progress in this area.
Once we dig out and use all the possible resources on the Earth we would
definitelyturntowasteforrecoveryofresources—apracticewhichisnowproven
to be profitable in the case of extracting precious materials from waste from
electrical and electronic equipments rather than from the ore.
vii
viii Preface
Considering the above issues, an attempt is being made by us to minimize the
knowledge gapinprintand onfieldafter workingmorethan adecadeinthe field
andsurveyingmorethan300literatures.Wehavemadeanattempttotouchalmost
alltheimportantaspectsofsolidwasteinthisbookwhilekeepinginmindboththe
theory and practice. We have also tried to bring wholesomeness to our effort by
discussing problems across the world instead of sticking to a single country.
WearemostgratefultoMs.AgataOelshlaegerofSpringer-VerlagGmbHforthe
continuousencouragementandsupportrightfromthebeginningtillthepublication
ofthisbook.
WeacknowledgethehelpofMs.K.P.Akshatha,Mr.SatishGarje,andMr.Amar
YeshwanthofKarnatakaStatePollutionControlBoard(KSPCB),Bangalore,India
fortheirhelpinwordprocessing.
ThephotossharedbyMr.K.M.Lingaraju,Mr.M.N.Yoganand,Mr.RameshD.
Naik, Mr. D. P. Mahendra of KSPCB, Mr. Krishnegowda of Apollo Hospital,
Banaglore,Mr.D.K.Nagaraj,andMr.GuruprasadofSembRamkyPvt.Ltd.,Ban-
galoreandMs.K.Rachithawereofgreathelp.SupportextendedbyDr.B.Nagappaof
KSPCBfortheliteraturecollectionhelpedtocovermanypointsinthebook.
Courtesy and knowledge extended by Mr. V. R. Joshi of K. G. Nandini
Enterprises, Bangalore during a visit to their WEEE processing unit were greatly
helpful in completing the book.
Our acknowledgments would be incomplete without mentioning the name of
Ms. P. Archana of KSPCB, Thambidurai Solaimuthu, and Agata Oelschläger of
Springer whose association has helped in a great way in completing this book.
Ramesha Chandrappa
Diganta Bhusan Das
Contents
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Need for Solid Waste Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 Importance of a Sound Solid Waste Management. . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Change in Characteristics in Quantity and Time. . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4 Waste Management in Pre-Industrialization Era . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.5 Waste Management in Post-Industrialization Era . . . . . . . . . 12
1.6 Integrated Solid-Waste Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.7 Waste Prevention and Life Cycle Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.8 Producers Responsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.9 Solid Waste Management and Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.9.1 Need for Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.9.2 International Regulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.9.3 Regulation in Different Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.10 Framework for Solid Waste Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.10.1 Elements of a Waste Management System. . . . . . . 32
1.10.2 Stakeholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.11 Financial Issues in Solid Waste Management. . . . . . . . . . . . 35
1.11.1 Capital Investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.11.2 Operation and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
1.12 Waste Generation: Rich Vs Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.13 Psychology and Waste Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2 Waste Quantities and Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.1 Sources of Solid Waste. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.2 Quantities and Composition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.3 Physical, Chemical and Biological Characteristics . . . . . . . . 57
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
ix
x Contents
3 Storage and Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.1 Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.2 Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.2.1 Collection From Low-Rise Detached Houses . . . . . 74
3.2.2 Collection From Low and Medium-Rise
Apartment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.2.3 Collection From High-Rise Apartments. . . . . . . . . 75
3.2.4 Collection From Commercial and Industrial
Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.2.5 Vehicles for Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.2.6 Pneumatic-Refuse-Collection System. . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.3 Transfer and Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4 Materials Recovery and Recycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4.1 Segregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.1.1 Hand Sorting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.1.2 Screens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.1.3 Air Classifiers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.1.4 Sink/Float Separators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.1.5 Inclined Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.1.6 Shaking Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.1.7 Optical Sorting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.1.8 Sorting by Differential Melting Temperature . . . . . 95
4.1.9 Sorting by Selective Dissolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.1.10 Magnetic Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.1.11 Eddy Current Separators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.1.12 Electrostatic Separators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.1.13 Shredding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.1.14 Pulping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.1.15 Crushing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.1.16 Baling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.1.17 Ballistic Separators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.2 Reuse and Recycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.2.1 Aerobic and Anaerobic Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.2.2 Composting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.2.3 Road Making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
4.2.4 Removal and Recovery Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
4.2.5 Stabilization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
4.2.6 Deactivation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4.2.7 Metal Removal and Recovery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4.2.8 Aqueous Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4.2.9 Plastic Granulating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4.2.10 Emerging Biological Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Contents xi
5 Disposal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.1 Landfill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.1.1 Processes Within a Landfill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.1.2 Controlling Leachate and Gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.1.3 Operation of Landfills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
5.1.4 Use of Old Landfill Sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
5.1.5 Landfill Mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
5.1.6 Land Filling Hazardous Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
5.2 Co-Processing of Solid Wastes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
5.3 Incineration and Waste to Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
5.3.1 Heat Value of Refuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
5.3.2 Combustion and Energy Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
5.3.3 Energy Production from Waste. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
5.3.4 Material and Thermal Balances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
5.3.5 Other Technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
6 Biomedical Waste. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
6.1 Significance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
6.1.1 Household Biomedical Waste. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
6.1.2 Biomedical Waste from Rural Area. . . . . . . . . . . . 155
6.2 Nosocomial Infection and Health Burden Due
to Biomedical Waste. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
6.3 Characteristics and Quantities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
6.4 Treatment and Disposal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
6.5 Radioactive Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
6.6 Mercury in Biomedical Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
7 Hazardous Waste. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
7.1 Significance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
7.2 Precautions to be Taken Storage and Transportation
of Hazardous Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
7.3 Characteristics and Quantity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
7.3.1 Household Hazardous Waste and Special Waste. . . 184
7.3.2 Hazardous Waste From Rural and Urban Area. . . . 185
7.4 Storage of Hazardous Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
7.5 Treatment and Disposal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
7.5.1 Stabilization and Solidification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
7.5.2 Incineration and Coincineration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
7.5.3 Landfill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
7.5.4 Precautions and Practices During Incineration
and Land Filling Hazardous Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196