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Field Methods for Petroleum Geologists: A Guide to Computerized Lithostratigraphic Correlation Charts Case Study: Northern Africa PDF

128 Pages·2008·19.71 MB·English
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Field Methods for Petroleum Geologists Fakhry A. Assaad Field Methods for Petroleum Geologists A Guide to Computerized Lithostratigraphic Correlation Charts Case Study: Northern Africa FakhryA.Assaad 1350,37th,Str.EastTuscaloosa, AL35405 USA [email protected] ISBN:978-3-540-78836-2 e-ISBN:978-3-540-78837-9 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008934328 (cid:2)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2009 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9, 1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violationsare liabletoprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply, evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelaws andregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Coverdesign:deblik,Berlin Printedonacid-freepaper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com PersonalDedication ToPhilipE.LaMoreaux ThisbookiscordiallydedicatedtoDr.PhilipE.LaMoreaux,the formerState GeologistofAlabama, theformerpresidentofhisown firm, PELA,andthechairmanofseveralscientificinstitutes allover theUS.Iworkedwithhimasaco-expertattheUnitedNationsof Egyptintheearly1960s,beinginchargeoftheGeologyDepartment attheNewValleyProjectofthe WesternDesertandlateraschiefof researchstudiesintheNorthwesternCoastalZoneofEgypttogether withMr.ThomasJ.Joiner,theex-StateGeologistofAlabama. ItwasapleasuretoworkpersonallywithPhilLaMoreauxinthe early1980s, indifferentprojectsathisownfirmPELA,andlaterin editorialactivitiesinvolvingscientificarticlesandbookreviewsof recentpublications, issuedbyTheEnvironmentalGeology Journal ofSpringer-Verlag.Hisscientificsupportandencouragementwere appreciatedforproducingthebookFieldMethodsforGeologists and Hydrogeologists,publishedbySpringer-Verlag,Heidelberg,Germany, 2003,togetherwithotherbooks;asaco-authorofatextbook EnvironmentalHydrogeology,publishedbyTaylorFrancisGroup, LLCCo.1995;andasasenioreditorofthebookAnnotated Bibliography ofKarstTerranes,Vol. 5-1,publishedbythe International AssociationofHydrogeologists, VerlagHeinzHeise, Hannover,Germany,1993—alottolearnfrom hisprofessional experience. FakhryA.Assaad v Preface The author worked at Sonatrach of Algeria (Societe´ National de Transport et de Hydrocarbures) for seven consecutive contracts over more than a decade, being in charge of the Triassic Province of Algeria, besides having responsibility for the Database Retrieval System (PetroData System), established in 1970 by the Explo- rationDirectorate. The author started his career with Sonatrach as a District Geologist Engineer in northern Algeria, and later worked with an international group from Technoexport (1971)ontheTriassicProvinceoftheAlgerianSaharanplatform. Severalprojectswereaccomplished: 1. In 1970–1972, he carried out detailed structural and stratigraphic studies of the Triassic reservoirs, and defined the limits of deposition of the Triassic basin in Algeria. 2. Later, he established a computer application for a lithostratigraphic correlation chartofthesedimentaryformation(31/ ×1/)m,asatypemodelfortheArabian 2 2 Maghreb region (northwestern Africa), which can be further extended to cover NorthAfrica. 3. HewasinchargeoftheDatabaseRetrievalSystem(PetroDataSystem),asaliai- sonwiththeexplorationdistrictstosuperviseandmanagethequalityoftheinput welldata,aswellasthegeological,drilling,productive,andgeophysicaldata,etc., inordertodefineandformulateretrievalrequestsforcomputerextractionproce- dures. He provided corrections and improvements to refine the edit, validation, andcrosscheckfunctionsofthemaintenancesubsystem. vii Acknowledgement TheauthorisquitegratefulforthequickresponsefromDr.KhalilChekib,theAlge- rianMinisterofPetroleumandEnergy,andDr.H.Chebourou,theDirectorof“Etudes et Synthe´se” of the Exploration Division of Sonatrach, Algiers, for updating docu- mentsnecessarytothe book. Myhighestgratitudetomycollege’sgeologistDr.AliWerwer,thechairmanand CEOoftheResearchGroundwaterCo.,(REGWA),Cairo;andProfessorDr.Hamed Metwalli,ofthePetroleumGeologyDepartment,FacultyofScience,CairoUniver- sity,fortheirsincerehelpinprovidingimportantmaterialsforthe book. My special gratitude to Mr. John Sandy, the director of the Rodgers Library for ScienceandEngineering,UniversityofAlabama;andtoMr.LewisS.Dean,thehead oftheLibraryoftheGeologySurveyofAlabama(GSA),forprovidingmepromptly withtheneededreferences. ix Contents PartI PetroleumExplorationMethods 1 Introduction—PetroleumHydrocarbons............................ 3 1.1 HistoricalAspect........................................... 3 1.2 PetroleumOccurrenceandChemicalComposition............... 3 1.3 PropertiesofCrudeOils ..................................... 4 1.4 NaturalGas—Definition..................................... 4 1.5 PetroleumHydrocarbonNon-ReservoirRocks .................. 5 1.6 PetroleumReservoirRocks .................................. 5 1.7 PetroleumMigrationandAccumulation........................ 5 1.7.1 Introduction......................................... 5 1.7.2 OilMigration ....................................... 6 1.7.3 TheRoleofConnateWater............................ 6 1.7.4 DifferentialEntrapmentofPetroleumHydrocarbons— GussowTheory ..................................... 6 1.7.5 PetroleumAccumulation.............................. 7 1.8 TheCapacityofOilandGasTraps ............................ 8 1.9 PetroleumProvince—Definition .............................. 9 References ....................................................... 9 2 SedimentaryBasinsandPlateTectonics ............................ 11 2.1 Scope .................................................... 11 2.2 ContinentalShelves......................................... 12 2.3 PlateInteractions........................................... 12 2.4 DevelopmentofSedimentaryBasins........................... 14 2.4.1 GeodynamicSettingsofSedimentaryBasins ............. 15 2.4.2 SedimentaryBasinsandHydrocarbonOccurrences........ 16 2.5 OilMigrationandSubduction ................................ 17 2.6 Rifted-MarginSedimentPrisms............................... 17 References ....................................................... 19 3 SurfaceGeophysicalPetroleumExplorationMethods ................ 21 3.1 Introduction ............................................... 21 xi xii Contents 3.2 MagneticSurvey ........................................... 21 3.3 GravimetricSurvey ......................................... 21 3.4 SeismicExplorationSurvey.................................. 22 3.4.1 General ............................................ 22 3.4.2 SeismicRefractionMethods ........................... 22 3.4.3 SeismicReflectionMethod ............................ 22 3.5 Land-SatelliteImagesinSaltDomeExploration................. 23 References ....................................................... 23 4 DrillingTechnologyinPetroleumGeology .......................... 25 4.1 Introduction ............................................... 25 4.2 PetroleumDrillingOperations................................ 27 4.2.1 Discussion.......................................... 27 4.2.2 TypesofDrillingOperations........................... 28 4.3 DrillingFluids ............................................. 29 4.3.1 PropertiesofDrillingMuds............................ 29 4.3.2 CompositionandNatureoftheDrillingFluids............ 29 4.3.3 MudSystemsinSaltStructures ........................ 30 4.3.4 SaltDomeDrilling................................... 31 4.4 DrillingHazards ........................................... 31 4.5 DrillStemTesting(DST) .................................... 31 4.5.1 Scope.............................................. 31 4.5.2 Discussion.......................................... 32 4.6 GeneralRemarks........................................... 33 4.6.1 AbouttheDST—Procedure............................ 33 4.6.2 RequiredConditionsandReasonsforCarryingOuta DSTinaPetroleumReservoirFormation ............... 34 References ....................................................... 40 5 GeophysicalWellLoggingMethodsofOilandGasReservoirs......... 41 5.1 Introduction ............................................... 41 5.2 BoreholeParametersandRockProperties ...................... 41 5.3 ResistivityMeasurementsbyWellElectricLogs................. 43 5.3.1 Definition .......................................... 43 5.3.2 AnnulusandResistivityProfiles—HydrocarbonZone...... 43 5.4 FormationTemperature(T ).................................. 44 f 5.5 SpecificLogTypes ......................................... 45 5.5.1 SpontaneousPotentialLogs(SP) ....................... 45 5.5.2 ResistivityLogs(R) .................................. 45 5.5.3 PorosityLogs ....................................... 48 5.5.4 GammaRayLogs.................................... 50 5.6 WellDesignandWellTypeCompletions ....................... 51 5.6.1 Scope.............................................. 51 5.6.2 OpenHoleCompletions .............................. 52 5.6.3 PerforatedCompletions............................... 52 5.6.4 ScreeningTechniques ................................ 52 5.6.5 OtherTypeWellCompletions.......................... 54 References ....................................................... 54 Contents xiii Part II A Guide to Lithiostratigraphic Correlation Charts – A Model Type/NorthAfrica 6 ALithostratigraphicCorrelationChart—AModelType/NorthAfrica . 57 6.1 Introduction ............................................... 57 6.1.1 Aspect ............................................. 57 6.1.2 PetroleumPerspective ................................ 58 6.2 GeologyofAlgeria ......................................... 61 6.2.1 TectonicHistory..................................... 61 6.2.2 StructuralGeologyofAlgeria.......................... 61 6.2.3 GeologicProvincesoftheAlgerianSahara............... 63 6.2.4 AnApproachtoaComputerizedLithostratigraphicChart inNorthAfrica ..................................... 66 6.2.5 StratigraphyoftheAlgerianSaharanPlatform ............ 71 6.2.6 A Geological Study of An Exploratory Well at the EasternBorderoftheAlgerianSahara(Ry-1)............ 72 6.3 PetroleumGeologyoftheLibyanSahara....................... 72 6.3.1 Scope.............................................. 72 6.3.2 StratigraphyofSebhaAreaWestofLibya ............... 74 6.4 PetroleumGeologyofEgypt,NortheastAfrica .................. 76 6.4.1 TheWesternDesertofEgypt .......................... 76 6.4.2 Geological Results of the Petroleum Exploration oftheAssiut-KhargaWell ............................ 79 6.4.3 TheNileDeltaofEgypt............................... 81 6.4.4 TheGulfofSuezRegion,Egypt........................ 83 6.5 EconomicAspectsofSaltStructures........................... 87 References ....................................................... 87 Appendix ........................................................ 89 7 ThePetrodataDataBaseSystem ................................... 91 7.1 Scope .................................................... 91 7.2 ThePetrodataSystem ....................................... 91 7.2.1 HistoricalAspect .................................... 91 7.2.2 ClassificationofthePetrodataSystem................... 92 7.3 EconomicAspects.......................................... 98 7.4 Recommendation........................................... 98 7.5 ATypeComputerizedMontageDrillingReportofanExploratory Well(Boumahniwell“Bi-1”) ................................ 99 7.6 AppendixA ...............................................101 References .......................................................106 Glossary.............................................................107 Index................................................................111

Description:
Provides an introduction to petroleum exploration methods, referring to both geophysical and geochemical techniques and the logistics of various drilling techniques and well logging methods for oil and gas exploration. The second part of the book focuses on using these methods for petroleum explorat
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