Field Methods for Petroleum Geologists Fakhry A. Assaad Field Methods for Petroleum Geologists A Guide to Computerized Lithostratigraphic Correlation Charts Case Study: Northern Africa FakhryA.Assaad 1350,37th,Str.EastTuscaloosa, AL35405 USA [email protected] ISBN:978-3-540-78836-2 e-ISBN:978-3-540-78837-9 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008934328 (cid:2)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2009 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9, 1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violationsare liabletoprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply, evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelaws andregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Coverdesign:deblik,Berlin Printedonacid-freepaper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com PersonalDedication ToPhilipE.LaMoreaux ThisbookiscordiallydedicatedtoDr.PhilipE.LaMoreaux,the formerState GeologistofAlabama, theformerpresidentofhisown firm, PELA,andthechairmanofseveralscientificinstitutes allover theUS.Iworkedwithhimasaco-expertattheUnitedNationsof Egyptintheearly1960s,beinginchargeoftheGeologyDepartment attheNewValleyProjectofthe WesternDesertandlateraschiefof researchstudiesintheNorthwesternCoastalZoneofEgypttogether withMr.ThomasJ.Joiner,theex-StateGeologistofAlabama. ItwasapleasuretoworkpersonallywithPhilLaMoreauxinthe early1980s, indifferentprojectsathisownfirmPELA,andlaterin editorialactivitiesinvolvingscientificarticlesandbookreviewsof recentpublications, issuedbyTheEnvironmentalGeology Journal ofSpringer-Verlag.Hisscientificsupportandencouragementwere appreciatedforproducingthebookFieldMethodsforGeologists and Hydrogeologists,publishedbySpringer-Verlag,Heidelberg,Germany, 2003,togetherwithotherbooks;asaco-authorofatextbook EnvironmentalHydrogeology,publishedbyTaylorFrancisGroup, LLCCo.1995;andasasenioreditorofthebookAnnotated Bibliography ofKarstTerranes,Vol. 5-1,publishedbythe International AssociationofHydrogeologists, VerlagHeinzHeise, Hannover,Germany,1993—alottolearnfrom hisprofessional experience. FakhryA.Assaad v Preface The author worked at Sonatrach of Algeria (Societe´ National de Transport et de Hydrocarbures) for seven consecutive contracts over more than a decade, being in charge of the Triassic Province of Algeria, besides having responsibility for the Database Retrieval System (PetroData System), established in 1970 by the Explo- rationDirectorate. The author started his career with Sonatrach as a District Geologist Engineer in northern Algeria, and later worked with an international group from Technoexport (1971)ontheTriassicProvinceoftheAlgerianSaharanplatform. Severalprojectswereaccomplished: 1. In 1970–1972, he carried out detailed structural and stratigraphic studies of the Triassic reservoirs, and defined the limits of deposition of the Triassic basin in Algeria. 2. Later, he established a computer application for a lithostratigraphic correlation chartofthesedimentaryformation(31/ ×1/)m,asatypemodelfortheArabian 2 2 Maghreb region (northwestern Africa), which can be further extended to cover NorthAfrica. 3. HewasinchargeoftheDatabaseRetrievalSystem(PetroDataSystem),asaliai- sonwiththeexplorationdistrictstosuperviseandmanagethequalityoftheinput welldata,aswellasthegeological,drilling,productive,andgeophysicaldata,etc., inordertodefineandformulateretrievalrequestsforcomputerextractionproce- dures. He provided corrections and improvements to refine the edit, validation, andcrosscheckfunctionsofthemaintenancesubsystem. vii Acknowledgement TheauthorisquitegratefulforthequickresponsefromDr.KhalilChekib,theAlge- rianMinisterofPetroleumandEnergy,andDr.H.Chebourou,theDirectorof“Etudes et Synthe´se” of the Exploration Division of Sonatrach, Algiers, for updating docu- mentsnecessarytothe book. Myhighestgratitudetomycollege’sgeologistDr.AliWerwer,thechairmanand CEOoftheResearchGroundwaterCo.,(REGWA),Cairo;andProfessorDr.Hamed Metwalli,ofthePetroleumGeologyDepartment,FacultyofScience,CairoUniver- sity,fortheirsincerehelpinprovidingimportantmaterialsforthe book. My special gratitude to Mr. John Sandy, the director of the Rodgers Library for ScienceandEngineering,UniversityofAlabama;andtoMr.LewisS.Dean,thehead oftheLibraryoftheGeologySurveyofAlabama(GSA),forprovidingmepromptly withtheneededreferences. ix Contents PartI PetroleumExplorationMethods 1 Introduction—PetroleumHydrocarbons............................ 3 1.1 HistoricalAspect........................................... 3 1.2 PetroleumOccurrenceandChemicalComposition............... 3 1.3 PropertiesofCrudeOils ..................................... 4 1.4 NaturalGas—Definition..................................... 4 1.5 PetroleumHydrocarbonNon-ReservoirRocks .................. 5 1.6 PetroleumReservoirRocks .................................. 5 1.7 PetroleumMigrationandAccumulation........................ 5 1.7.1 Introduction......................................... 5 1.7.2 OilMigration ....................................... 6 1.7.3 TheRoleofConnateWater............................ 6 1.7.4 DifferentialEntrapmentofPetroleumHydrocarbons— GussowTheory ..................................... 6 1.7.5 PetroleumAccumulation.............................. 7 1.8 TheCapacityofOilandGasTraps ............................ 8 1.9 PetroleumProvince—Definition .............................. 9 References ....................................................... 9 2 SedimentaryBasinsandPlateTectonics ............................ 11 2.1 Scope .................................................... 11 2.2 ContinentalShelves......................................... 12 2.3 PlateInteractions........................................... 12 2.4 DevelopmentofSedimentaryBasins........................... 14 2.4.1 GeodynamicSettingsofSedimentaryBasins ............. 15 2.4.2 SedimentaryBasinsandHydrocarbonOccurrences........ 16 2.5 OilMigrationandSubduction ................................ 17 2.6 Rifted-MarginSedimentPrisms............................... 17 References ....................................................... 19 3 SurfaceGeophysicalPetroleumExplorationMethods ................ 21 3.1 Introduction ............................................... 21 xi xii Contents 3.2 MagneticSurvey ........................................... 21 3.3 GravimetricSurvey ......................................... 21 3.4 SeismicExplorationSurvey.................................. 22 3.4.1 General ............................................ 22 3.4.2 SeismicRefractionMethods ........................... 22 3.4.3 SeismicReflectionMethod ............................ 22 3.5 Land-SatelliteImagesinSaltDomeExploration................. 23 References ....................................................... 23 4 DrillingTechnologyinPetroleumGeology .......................... 25 4.1 Introduction ............................................... 25 4.2 PetroleumDrillingOperations................................ 27 4.2.1 Discussion.......................................... 27 4.2.2 TypesofDrillingOperations........................... 28 4.3 DrillingFluids ............................................. 29 4.3.1 PropertiesofDrillingMuds............................ 29 4.3.2 CompositionandNatureoftheDrillingFluids............ 29 4.3.3 MudSystemsinSaltStructures ........................ 30 4.3.4 SaltDomeDrilling................................... 31 4.4 DrillingHazards ........................................... 31 4.5 DrillStemTesting(DST) .................................... 31 4.5.1 Scope.............................................. 31 4.5.2 Discussion.......................................... 32 4.6 GeneralRemarks........................................... 33 4.6.1 AbouttheDST—Procedure............................ 33 4.6.2 RequiredConditionsandReasonsforCarryingOuta DSTinaPetroleumReservoirFormation ............... 34 References ....................................................... 40 5 GeophysicalWellLoggingMethodsofOilandGasReservoirs......... 41 5.1 Introduction ............................................... 41 5.2 BoreholeParametersandRockProperties ...................... 41 5.3 ResistivityMeasurementsbyWellElectricLogs................. 43 5.3.1 Definition .......................................... 43 5.3.2 AnnulusandResistivityProfiles—HydrocarbonZone...... 43 5.4 FormationTemperature(T ).................................. 44 f 5.5 SpecificLogTypes ......................................... 45 5.5.1 SpontaneousPotentialLogs(SP) ....................... 45 5.5.2 ResistivityLogs(R) .................................. 45 5.5.3 PorosityLogs ....................................... 48 5.5.4 GammaRayLogs.................................... 50 5.6 WellDesignandWellTypeCompletions ....................... 51 5.6.1 Scope.............................................. 51 5.6.2 OpenHoleCompletions .............................. 52 5.6.3 PerforatedCompletions............................... 52 5.6.4 ScreeningTechniques ................................ 52 5.6.5 OtherTypeWellCompletions.......................... 54 References ....................................................... 54 Contents xiii Part II A Guide to Lithiostratigraphic Correlation Charts – A Model Type/NorthAfrica 6 ALithostratigraphicCorrelationChart—AModelType/NorthAfrica . 57 6.1 Introduction ............................................... 57 6.1.1 Aspect ............................................. 57 6.1.2 PetroleumPerspective ................................ 58 6.2 GeologyofAlgeria ......................................... 61 6.2.1 TectonicHistory..................................... 61 6.2.2 StructuralGeologyofAlgeria.......................... 61 6.2.3 GeologicProvincesoftheAlgerianSahara............... 63 6.2.4 AnApproachtoaComputerizedLithostratigraphicChart inNorthAfrica ..................................... 66 6.2.5 StratigraphyoftheAlgerianSaharanPlatform ............ 71 6.2.6 A Geological Study of An Exploratory Well at the EasternBorderoftheAlgerianSahara(Ry-1)............ 72 6.3 PetroleumGeologyoftheLibyanSahara....................... 72 6.3.1 Scope.............................................. 72 6.3.2 StratigraphyofSebhaAreaWestofLibya ............... 74 6.4 PetroleumGeologyofEgypt,NortheastAfrica .................. 76 6.4.1 TheWesternDesertofEgypt .......................... 76 6.4.2 Geological Results of the Petroleum Exploration oftheAssiut-KhargaWell ............................ 79 6.4.3 TheNileDeltaofEgypt............................... 81 6.4.4 TheGulfofSuezRegion,Egypt........................ 83 6.5 EconomicAspectsofSaltStructures........................... 87 References ....................................................... 87 Appendix ........................................................ 89 7 ThePetrodataDataBaseSystem ................................... 91 7.1 Scope .................................................... 91 7.2 ThePetrodataSystem ....................................... 91 7.2.1 HistoricalAspect .................................... 91 7.2.2 ClassificationofthePetrodataSystem................... 92 7.3 EconomicAspects.......................................... 98 7.4 Recommendation........................................... 98 7.5 ATypeComputerizedMontageDrillingReportofanExploratory Well(Boumahniwell“Bi-1”) ................................ 99 7.6 AppendixA ...............................................101 References .......................................................106 Glossary.............................................................107 Index................................................................111
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