Electronics Engineer's Reference Book

921 Pages·1989·45.901 MB·English

by  F. F. Mazda (Eds.)

Electronics
Engineer's
Reference Book
Sixth Edition
Edited by
F F Mazda
DFH, MPhil, CEng, FIEE, DMS, MBIM
With specialist contributors
Butter worths
London • Boston • Singapore • Sydney
Toronto • Wellington
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First published 1989
Butterworth International Edition, 1989
ISBN 0-408-05430-1
© Butterworth & Co. (Publishers) Ltd, 1989
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Electronics engineer's reference book—6th ed
1. Electronic equipment
I. Mazda, F.F. (Fraidoon Framroz), 1939-
621.381
ISBN 0-408-00590-4
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Electronics engineer's reference book/edited by
F.F. Mazda; with specialist contributors,
p. cm.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-408-00590-4:
1. Electronics—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I.
Mazda, F.F.
TK7825.E36 1989
621.381-dc 19
Typeset by Mid-County Press Ltd, 2a Merivale Road,
London SW15 2NW
Printed and bound by Hartnolls Ltd., Bodmin, Cornwall
Preface
On taking over as editor of the fifth edition of The Electronics that they are up to date. Inevitably some of the older material has
Engineer's Reference Book, I did what all new editors do; out had to be (deleted, to make room for new text. Six new chapters
came my broom and I started sweeping! The changes from the have been added, on topics which have gained considerably in
fourth edition to the fifth were dramatic, and it has been importance since the last edition. These are on: application
grafitying to note the success which the book has subsequently specific integrated circuits, such as gate arrays and standard cells,
had on both sides of the Atlantic. The whole text was laid out in a which have rapidly become an essential element in any
larger, more convenient to use format; the information was economical electronic design; computer aided design techniques,
grouped together into five parts; and much of the old material involving the full range of design tools and methodology from
was removed in order to make way for thirty-two new chapters. designs on silicon chips to those on printed circuit boards; digital
Having completed, what I considered to be, such an Herculean system analysis, covering the instrumentation and measurement
task, I naturally expected to rest on my laurels! So when the time techniques used to analyse digital circuits, including those based
came around to produce the sixth edition, I brought out my pen on microprocessors; software engineering which, with the
in readiness to dot the odd i and cross the occasional t. Alas, how importance of software in all major projects, plays a vital part in
mistaken I was! As someone famous (whose name escapes me for electronic designs; local area networks, describing the latest
the moment) once said, Time and Technology wait for no man'. developments in networks based on the ISO open system
So the son of Hercules was recruited to work on the sixth edition! interconnect (OSI) standards; and integrated services digital
For this new edition I have retained the same five groupings, network (ISDN), a topic which no self-respecting modern book
which have proved so successful in the fifth edition. As before the on electronics could be without!
first part contains a synopsis of mathematical and electrical A large number of sub-editors from Butterworths worked on
techniques used in the analysis of electronic systems. Part two the sixth edition of The Electronics Engineer's Reference Book.
covers physical phenomena, such as electricity, light and To them go my thanks for the dedication which they have shown
radiation, often met with in electronic systems. The third part of in labouring tirelessly in the background, and even though I do
the book contains chapters on basic electronic components and not mention them by name they will know the genuine gratitude
materials, the building blocks of any electronic design. The I have for their hard work and support.
information presented covers a wide spectrum of devices, from And finally, as always, the last word must be reserved for the
the humble resistor to the glamorous microprocessor. many, many authors who made this book possible. Thank you
Part four has chapters on electronic circuit design and on all for the excellent manuscripts you have produced; for
instrumentation. A range of design techniques are covered from accepting the tight schedules you have had to work to; and for
linear to digital circuits, and from signal power levels to those in the skilful excuses you have employed when late manuscripts
the megawatt region. The fifth part of the book contains topics, were being chased by the sub-editors!
such as radar and computers, which form well recognised
application areas of electronics. FFM
All the chapters have been revised in going from the fifth to the Bishop's Stortford
sixth edition, many of them being extensively rewritten to ensure March 1989
Aa cknowledgements
The production of this reference book would have been Morgan Materials Technology Ltd
impossible without the good will, help and cooperation of the Mostek Corporation
electronics industry, the users of electronic equipment and Motorola Ltd
members of the educational profession. Bare acknowledgements Mullard Ltd
are very inadequate but the editor wishes to thank the following Murata Manufacturing Co.
firms and organisations which so readily made available North East Thames Regional Health Authority
information and illustrations and permitted members of their Nortronic Associates Ltd
specialist staffs to write contributions: N.V. Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken
Ovum Ltd
AMP of Great Britain Ltd Plessey Company Ltd
AMPEX Great Britain Ltd Polytechnic of North London
Atomic Energy Establishment Post Office
British Aerospace Racal-Redac Ltd
British Broadcasting Corporation Rank Xerox Ltd
British Railways Board, Research and Development Division RCA
British Telecom International Rediffusion Ltd
British Telecom pic Rutherford and Appleton Laboratories, Science Research
Cambridge Scientific Instruments Ltd Council
Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge SAFT (UK) Ltd
Clinical Research Centre SEEQ Corporation
Cranfield Information Technology Institute Siemens Ltd
Department of Trade & Industry Standard Telephones and Cables Ltd
Digital Equipment Co. Ltd STC pic
Duracell Batteries Ltd STC Technology Ltd
E-Sil Components Ltd STC Telecommunications Ltd
English Electric Valve Company Ltd Texas Instruments Incorporated
Ever Ready Ltd University of Aston
Ever Ready Special Batteries Ltd University of Cambridge
Exacta Circuits Ltd University of Leeds
Fujitsu Microelectronics Ltd University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology
GEC-Marconi Electronics Ltd University of Oxford
Gould Advance Ltd University of Sussex
Greater London Council, Department of Planning and University of Technology, Loughborough
Transportation Xerox Corporation
Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh
Hewlett-Packard Ltd
Hitachi Europe Ltd Acknowledgement is made to the Director of the International
International Rectifier Ltd Radio Consultative Committee (CCIR) for permission to use
LSI Logic Ltd information and reproduce diagrams and curves from the CCIR
Lucas Electrical Company Ltd Documents.
Marconi Company Ltd Extracts from British Standards publications are reproduced
Meteorological Office by permission of the British Standards Institution.
List of
Contributors
P Aloisi P J Cottam, BSc
Motorola Semiconductors Ltd Eltek Semiconductors Ltd
S W Amos, BSc(Hons), CEng, MIEE J Curtís
Freelance Technical Editor and Author Electronic Components Group, Siemens Ltd
J A Dawson, CChem, MRSC
J Barron, BA, MA(Cantab)
Rank Xerox Ltd
Cambridge University
V A Downes
J Berry, BSc(Hons) Ovum Ltd
LSI Logic Ltd
J P Duggan
C JBowry Mullard Ltd
Ever Ready Ltd
G W A Dummer, MBE, CEng, FIEE, FIEEE, FIERE
Electronics Consultant
P A Bradley, BSc, MSc, CEng, MIEE
Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
J L Eaton, BSc, MIEE, CEng
Science and Engineering Research Council
Consultant (Broadcasting)
G H Browton M D Edwards, BSc, MSc, PhD
STC Technology Ltd The University of Manchester Institute of Science and
Technology
D K Bulgin, PhD
Cambridge Instruments Ltd M Ewing
SAFT (UK) Ltd
M Burchall, CEng, FIEE
REL Ltd T C Fleming, BSc
Liddicon Camera Tubes
English Electric Valve Co. Ltd
J M Camarata
Electronics Division, Xerox Corporation
P A Francis
Racal-Redac UK Ltd
J RCass
STC Telecommunications Ltd R M Gibb, MA, DPhil
STC Optical Devices Division
P M Chalmers, BEng, AMIEE
English Electric Valve Co. Ltd C L S Gilford, MSc, PhD, FInstP, MIEE, FIOA
Independent Acoustic Consultant
A Clark, DipEE, CEng, MIEE
Electrical Engineering Consultant A Goodings, PhD, DIC, BSc, ARCS
Atomic Energy Establishment
G T Clayworth, BSc
High Power Klystron Department C J Goodings
English Electric Valve Co. Ltd The Cavendish Laboratory
H W Cole M W Gray
Marconi Radar Systems Ltd Hewlett-Packard GmbH
A P O Collis, BA CEng, MIEE V J Green, BSc
Broadcast Tubes Division, English Electric Valve Co. Ltd STC pic
P G Hamer P Longland, PhD
STC Technology Ltd STC Hybrids Division
J E Harry, BSc(Eng), PhD, DSc, CEng, FIEE S Lowe
Loughborough University of Technology Ampex Great Britain Ltd
P Hawker P G Lund
Formerly, Independent Broadcasting Authority Oxford University
D R Heath, BSc, PhD R C Marshall, MA, FIEE, MInstMC
British Aerospace Ltd Protech Instruments & Systems Ltd
E W Herold, BSc, MSc, DSc, FIEE F F Mazda, DFH, MPhil, CEng, FIEE, DMS, MBIM
STC Telecommunications Ltd
D W Hill, MSc, PhD, DSc, FInstP, FIEE
North East Thames Regional Health Authority A D Monk, MA, CEng, MIEE
Consultant Engineer
P H Hitchcock, PhD
Ever Ready Special Batteries Ltd DOrd
E-Sil Components Ltd
S R Hodge
Racal-Redac Systems Ltd T Oswald, BSc, MIEE
STC Telecommunications Ltd
J Houldsworth
International Computers Ltd, UK S C Pascall, BSc, PhD, CEng, MIEE
Telecommunications Policies Division
P J Howard, BSc, CEng, MIEE Commission of the European Communities
STC Telecommunications Ltd
A M Pope, BSc
R S Hurst RR Electronics Ltd
STC Technology Ltd
S C Redman, AMIEE
M Jones, BSc STC Telecommunications Ltd
Hitachi Europe Ltd
M Remfry, CEng, MIEE, MBIM, MUM
P Jones, BSc STC Components Group
Fujitsu Microelectronics Ltd
J Riley
AMP of Great Britain Ltd
J Kempster, BSc(Hons), MBCS
Digital Equipment Co. Ltd
I Robertson
Digital Equipment Corporation
C Kindell
AMP of Great Britain Ltd
M J Rose, BSc(Eng)
Mullard Ltd
T Kingham
AMP of Great Britain Ltd
M G Say, PhD, MSc, CEng, ACGI, DIC, FIEE, FRSE
Heriot-Watt University
P Kirkby, PhD
STC Technology Ltd
M J B Scanlan, BSc, ARCS
Marconi Research Laboratories
P R Knott, MA, CPhys, MInstP, MICeram
Morgan Materials Technology Ltd
A Shewan, BSc
Motorola Ltd
J A Lane, DSc, CEng, FIEE
Radio Communications Division S F Smith, BSc(Eng), CEng, FIEE
Department of Trade and Industry STC Telecommunications Ltd
I G Lang C R Spicer, DipEE, AMIEE
Exacta Circuits Ltd BBC Design and Equipment Department
J R G Lloyd, CEng, MIMechE, MIQA K R Sturley, BSc, PhD, FIEE, FIEEE
Nortronic Associates Ltd Telecommunications Consultant
R W Lomax, MSc, CEng, FIEE, CPhys, FInstP C J Tully
Power Components Division, STC Components Ltd Cranfield Information Technology Institute
C E Longhurst L W Turner, CEng, FIEE, FRTS
Duracell Batteries Ltd Consultant Engineer
K Wakino F Welsby, BSc, CEng, MIEE
Murata Manufacturing Co. British Telecom pic
D B Waters, BSc(Eng) J D Weston, BSc(Eng)
STC Telecommunications Ltd STC Technology Ltd
F J Weaver, BSc, CEng, MIEE R C Whitehead, CEng, MIEE
English Electric Valve Co. Ltd Polytechnic of North London
Trigonometric
Functions and
General
1
Formulae
J Barron BA, MA (Cantab)
University of Cambridge
Contents
1.1 Mathematical signs and symbols 1/3 1.14 Zeros, poles and residues 1/5
1.2 Trigonometric formulae 1/3 1.15 Some standard forms 1/6
1.3 Trigonometric values 1/4 1.16 Coordinate systems 1/6
1.16.1 Cylindrical coordinates 1/6
1.4 Approximations for small angles 1/4 1.16.2 Spherical polar coordinates 1/6
1.5 Solution of triangles 1/4 1.17 Transformation of integrals 1/6
1.6 Spherical triangle 1/4 1.18 Laplace's equation 1/6
1.7 Exponential form 1/5 1.19 Solution of equations 1/7
1.19.1 Quadratic equation 1/7
1.8 De Moivre's theorem 1/5 1.19.2 Bisection method 1/7
1.19.3 Regula falsi 1/7
1.9 Euler's relation 1/5 1.19.4 Fixed-point iteration 1/7
1.19.5 Newton's method 1/7
1.10 Hyperbolic functions 1/5
1.20 Method of least squares 1/7
1.11 Complex variable 1/5
1.21 Relation between decibels, current and voltage ratio, and
1.12 Cauchy-Riemann equations 1/5 power ratio 1/8
1.13 Cauchy's theorem 1/5
Trigonometric formulae 1 /3
1.1 Mathematical signs and symbols
Sign, symbol Quantity
sec x secant of x
Sign, symbol Quantity cosec x cosecant of x
arcsin x arc sine of x
= equal to arceos x arc cosine of x
+ i= not equal to arctan x, arctg x arc tangent of x
= identically equal to arccot x, arcctg x arc cotangent of x
A corresponds to arcsec x arc secant of x
z approximately equal to arccosec x arc cosecant of x
-• approaches sinh x hyperbolic sine of x
^ asymptotically equal to cosh x hyperbolic cosine of x
~ proportional to tanh x hyperbolic tangent of x
oo infinity coth x hyperbolic cotangent of x
< smaller than seen x hyperbolic secant of x
> larger than cosech x hyperbolic cosecant of x
5 ^2 smaller than or equal to arsinh x inverse hyperbolic sine of x
> ^ > larger than or equal to arcosh x inverse hyperbolic cosine of x
< much smaller than artanh x inverse hyperbolic tangent of x
* much larger than arcoth x inverse hyperbolic cotangent of x
+ plus arsech x inverse hyperbolic secant of x
— minus arcosech x inverse hyperbolic cosecant of x
. x multiplied by i, j imaginary unity, i2 = — 1
a Re z real part of z
- a/b a divided by b
b Im z imaginary part of z
\a\ magnitude of a \z\ modulus of z
a" a raised to the power n arg z argument of z
z* conjugate of z, complex conjugate
a112 y/a square root of a of z
alln yã nth root of a A, A', A1 transpose of matrix A
a <a> mean value of a A* complex conjugate matrix of
p\ factorial p, Ix2x3x...xp matrix A
binomial coefficient, A+ Hermitian conjugate matrix of
M n{n-\)...{n-p + \) matrix A
W Ix2x3x...xp A, a vector
£ sum |A|, A magnitude of vector
n product A • B scalar product
f(x) function / of the variable x A x B, A A B vector product
[/WH f(b)~f(a) V differential vector operator
Vcp, grad (p gradient of (p
lim/(x); limx^a/(x) the limit to which f(x) tends as x
V • A, div A divergence of A
x"a approaches a
VxA, VAA \ . e A
Ax delta x = finite increment of x curl, A', ro4t A. J curl of A
Sx delta x = variation of x V2<p, A<p Laplacian of q>
T-; d//dx; f\x) differential coefficient of f(x) with
ax respect to x
d"/
—; flH\x) differential coefficient of order n of 1.2 Trigonometric formulae
dX fix)
zti /zf\ partial differential coefficient of sin2 A + cos2 A = sin A cosec A = 1
ffl*.K-"). i<jf_\ f(x,y,...) with respect to x, when
àf dx ' \dx }y... tyh,.e.. toatrael hdeiflfde rceonntisatla notf / si.n AM = ccoost AA- = cose1c A- = {l-cos, 2A)1.1.2.
J/(x)dx indefinite integral of f(x) with
Í respect to x oosAA = sin 4- = 1 - = (l-sin2,/ l)1/2
fívx H v definite integral of f(x) from tan A sec A
,nx)a* x = atox = 6 sin A 1
e base of natural logarithms tan A= -= -
cos A cot A
ex; exp x e raised to the power x
loga x logarithm to the base a of x 1+tan2 4 = sec2 4
lg x; log x; logj 0 x common (Briggsian) logarithm of x 1 + cot2 A= cosec2 A
lb x; log2 x binary logarithm of x
sin x sine of x 1 — sin A = coversin A
cosx cosine of x
1— cos >4 = versin/I
tanx; tgx tangent of x
cot x; ctg x cotangent of x tan ¿0 = t; sin d = 2í/(l +12); cos 6 = (1 - f2)/(l +12)
1/4 Trigonometric functions and general formulae
cot/I = 1/tan/I 1.5 Solution of triangles
secA = \/cosA
sin A sinB sin C b2+c2-a2
cosec/l = l/sin/l = —r—= cosA = —
a bc 2bc
cos (A±B) —cos A cos B + sin A sin B
D c2 + a2-¿>2 a2 + b2-c2
sin (A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos /I sin B cosB = cosC = —-—
2ca 2ab
. A , _ tan/1+tanB
tan (/I ± B) = — =
1 -|- tan A tan B
„x cot /4 cot £ +1
cot (A±B) = ±-
cotB±cot/l
sin/l±sinB = 2sin^/l±B)cosfM:j:B)
cos/l+cosB = 2cos^/l + B)cos^/l-B)
cos A - cos B = 2 sin ^A + B) sin %B - A)
• sin(/l + B)
tan/l+tanB=— ~
cos A cos B
„ sin(B + /4)
cot A ± cot B = —v ~ ;
sin A sin B
sin 2/1=2 sin A cos /I
cos 2/4 = cos2 /I - sin2 A = 2 cos2,4 -1 = 1 - 2 sin2 /I
cos2 A - sin2 B=cos (4 + B) cos {A - B)
Figure 1.1 Triangle
fan2/l = 2tan/l/(l-tan2/4)
sin^4 = /l-cos.4Y/2
h-w-o B n=ñ=ü
sind= sin =
2 yj be 2 yj ca
cosi4=±i/ l+cos/l\j1 /2 . C ¡(s-a)(s-b)
^-yl—alT-
, A sin/I A ls(s-a) B ls(s-b)
tan kA = 2 \] be 2 yj ca
C ls{s-c)
1+cos/l
W^r
sin2/l=^<l-cos2/l) C0S
tan^L A»-»*-*>
COS2/l=j{l+COS2/l)
2 >/ s(s-a)
, A 1-cos2/1
tan2/l =
1 + cos 2/4
1.6 Spherical triangle
,, , „, sin /14- sin B
tan^4±B) = =
sin A sin B sin C
cos A + cos B
.. , „x sin A + sin B sin a sin ò sin c
cot^±B) = -= -
cos a=cos ò cos c + sin 6 sin c cos /I
cosB —cos/1
1.3 Trigonometric values cos b = cos c cos a + sin c sin a cos B
cos c = cos a cos ¿> + sin a sin b cos C
Angle 0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 180:> 270° 360u
where /I, B, C and a, ¿, c are now as in Figure 1.2.
Radians 0 n/6 n/4 n/3 n/2 n 3n/2 2n
Sine 0 \ \J2 \J3 I 0 - 10
Cosine 1 ±y/3 \Jl \ 0 -1 0 1
Tangent 0 \J7> 1 ^3 OO 0 oo 0
1.4 Approximations for small angles
sin 9 = 9 - 03/6; cos 0 = 1 - 02/2; tan 9 = 9 + 03/3;
(6 in radians)
Figure 1.2 Spherical triangle