Shape Memory Alloys for Biomedical Applications

347 Pages·2008·16.15 MB·English

by  Takau Yoneyama

Shape memory alloys for biomedical applications
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Shape memory alloys
for biomedical
applications
Edited by
Takayuki Yoneyama
and Shuichi Miyazaki
CRC Press
Boca Raton Boston New York Washington, DC
Cambridge, England
Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited, Abington Hall, Granta Park
Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6AH, England
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Published in North America by CRC Press LLC, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW,
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First published 2009, Woodhead Publishing Limited and CRC Press LLC
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CRC Press ISBN 978-1-4200-7966-1
CRC Press order number WP7966
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Contents
Contributor contact details xi
Preface xv
Part I Materials
1 Shape memory effect and superelasticity in
Ti–Ni alloys 3
S. MIYAZAKI, University of Tsukuba, Japan and R. L. SACHDEVA,
OraMetrix, USA
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Shape memory effect and superelasticity 4
1.3 Elasticity and superelasticity 7
1.4 Superelasticity in clinical orthodontics 10
1.5 Superelasticity characteristics 13
1.6 Extrapolation factors affecting superelasticity 15
1.7 Conclusions 18
1.8 References 18
2 Mechanical properties of shape memory alloys 20
H. HOSODA and T. INAMURA,Tokyo Institute of Technology,
Japan
2.1 Introduction 20
2.2 Stress–strain curves 22
2.3 Stabilization of shape memory effect and superelasticity 27
2.4 Strain–temperature curves 28
2.5 Thermo-mechanical treatment 29
2.6 Multistage transformation 32
2.7 Texture effect 35
2.8 Summary 36
2.9 References 36
v
vi Contents
3 Thermodynamics of the shape memory effect 37
in Ti–Ni alloys
Y. LIU, The University of Western Australia, Australia
3.1 Thermal–mechanical coupling of thermoelastic 37
martensitic transformation
3.2 Thermoelasticity of martensitic transformations 39
3.3 Equilibrium thermodynamic theory of thermoelastic 42
martensitic transformations
3.4 Phenomenological thermodynamic theory of thermoelastic 45
martensitic transformations
3.5 Unified thermodynamic expression of thermoelastic 50
martensitic transformations
3.6 Thermodynamic expression of transformation temperatures 51
3.7 Transformation heats 55
3.8 Experimental verifications and interpretations 57
3.9 Generalisation of thermodynamic theories of thermoelastic 65
martensitic transformations
3.10 Summary 67
3.11 References 67
4 Alternative shape memory alloys 69
H. Y. KIM and S. MIYAZAKI, University of Tsukuba, Japan
4.1 Introduction 69
4.2 Shape memory effect and superelasticity in Ti–Nb 70
based alloys
4.3 Effect of interstitial alloying elements on shape memory 75
properties of Ti-based shape memory alloys
4.4 Effect of heat treatment condition on shape memory 77
properties of Ti-based shape memory alloys
4.5 Effect of textures on shape memory properties of 79
Ti-based shape memory alloys
4.6 Ti–Mo based shape memory alloys 81
4.7 Ti–V based shape memory alloys 83
4.8 Conclusions 83
4.9 References 83
Contents vii
5 Fabrication of shape memory alloy parts 86
T. HABU, Furukawa Techno Material Co. Ltd, Japan
5.1 General processing techniques for Ti–Ni alloys 86
5.2 Other machining methods for Ti–Ni alloys 96
5.3 Required properties of Ti–Ni alloys used in medical devices 99
5.4 Prospects 99
5.5 References 99
6 Response ofTi–Ni alloys for dental biomaterials
to conditions in the mouth 101
Y. OSHIDA, Syracuse University and Indiana University, USA
and F. FARZIN-NIA, Ormco Corporation, USA
6.1 Introduction 101
6.2 Discoloration 102
6.3 Corrosion of Ti–Ni alloys in various media 103
6.4 Corrosion behavior of Ti–Ni alloys in fluoride-containing
solution 104
6.5 Corrosion behavior of Ti–Ni alloys in solution containing
chloride ion 105
6.6 Corrosion behavior of Ti–Ni alloys in artificial saliva 106
6.7 Corrosion behavior of Ti–Ni alloys in simulated body fluid 107
6.8 Effects of alloying elements in Ti–Ni alloys on corrosion 108
behavior
6.9 Effect of surface modification on corrosion resistance 109
6.10 Release of metal ions and dissolution of Ti–Ni alloys 110
6.11 Allergic reaction, toxicity, and biocompatibility of 112
Ti–Ni alloys
6.12 Galvanic corrosion of Ti–Ni alloys 117
6.13 Microbiology-induced corrosion (MIC) of Ti–Ni alloys 118
6.14 Formation of titanium oxides 121
6.15 Air-formed titanium oxides 123
6.16 Passivation of Ti–Ni alloys 125
6.17 Oxidation at elevated temperatures 128
6.18 Crystal structures of titanium oxides 130
6.19 Characterization of oxides 131
6.20 Oxide growth, stability and breakdown 132
6.21 Reaction with hydrogen peroxide 133
6.22 Reaction of titanium with hydrogen 135
6.23 References 137
viii Contents
7 Understanding, predicting and preventing 150
failure ofTi–Ni shape memory alloys used
in medical implants
K. GALL, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
7.1 Introduction 150
7.2 Overview of Ti–Ni mechanical failure modes 151
7.3 Inelastic deformation and fracture 152
7.4 Fatigue failure and life analysis 155
7.5 Influence of processing and material structure on 163
material failure
7.6 Influence of manufacturing and surface finish on 164
material failure
7.7 Summary and future trends 165
7.8 Sources of further information and advice 166
7.9 References 167
8 Surface modification ofTi–Ni alloys for 173
biomedical applications
M. F. MAITZ, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden,
Germany
8.1 Introduction 173
8.2 Surface finishing 174
8.3 Surface passivation 176
8.4 Coatings 180
8.5 Sterilization 185
8.6 Summary 186
8.7 References 188
9 Biocompatibility of Nitinol for biomedical 194
applications
S. SHABALOVSKAYA, Ames Laboratory, USA and
J. VAN HUMBEECK, Katholieke University Leuven, Belgium
9.1 Introduction 194
9.2 Biomechanical compatibility 195
9.3 Comparative metal toxicity 196
9.4 Patterns of nickel release from Nitinol 197
9.5 Response of cells to Ni release 200
9.6 Thrombogenic potential, platelet adhesion, and protein 205
adsorption
Contents ix
9.7 Biological responses to modified Nitinol surfaces 210
9.8 In vivo responses 212
9.9 Conclusions and future trends 225
9.10 References 227
Part II Medical and dental devices
10 Self-expanding Nitinol stents for the treatment 237
of vascular disease
D. STOECKEL, A. PELTON and T. DUERIG, Nitinol Devices &
Components, USA
10.1 Introduction 237
10.2 Nitinol specific device characteristics 238
10.3 Nitinol stent designs 241
10.4 Biocompatibility and corrosion 249
10.5 Fatigue and durability of Nitinol stents 252
10.6 Sources of further information and advice 253
10.7 References 254
11 Orthodontic devices using Ti–Ni shape 257
memory alloys
F. FARZIN-NIA, Ormco Corporation, USA and T. YONEYAMA,
Nihon University School of Dentistry, Japan
11.1 Introduction 257
11.2 Wire properties in various stages of orthodontic treatment 258
11.3 Evolution of orthodontic wires 260
11.4 Ti–Ni orthodontic archwires 263
11.5 Ti–Ni alloy wires – effects of additional elements 281
11.6 Chemical properties in the oral environment 288
11.7 Other orthodontic appliances 289
11.8 Future trends 291
11.9 References 292
12 Endodontic instruments for root canal 297
treatment using Ti–Ni shape memory alloys
T. YONEYAMA, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Japan and
C. KOBAYASHI, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
12.1 Root canal treatment 297
12.2 Stainless-steel instruments 298
x Contents
12.3 Ti–Ni alloy instruments 298
12.4 Root canal preparation system with Ti–Ni alloy instruments 303
12.5 Future development of Ti–Ni alloy instruments 303
12.6 References 304
13 Regulation, orthopedic, dental, endovascular and 306
other applications of Ti–Ni shape memory alloys
L’H. YAHIA and F. RAYES, École Polytechnique de Montréal,
Canada and A. O. WARRAK, University of Montreal, Canada
13.1 Introduction 306
13.2 USA Food and Drug Administration status of 307
Ti–Ni medical devices
13.3 Orthopedic/dental applications of Ti–Ni shape 309
memory alloys
13.4 Endovascular applications or interventions 315
13.5 Other applications of Ti–Ni shape memory alloys 317
13.6 Conclusions 319
13.7 Acknowledgement 320
13.8 References 320
Index 327