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Shape Memory Alloys for Biomedical Applications PDF

347 Pages·2008·16.15 MB·English
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Shape memory alloys for biomedical applications Related titles: Dental biomaterials: imaging, testing and modelling (ISBN 978-1-84569-296-4) Dental biomaterials: imaging, testing and modelling focuses on the techniques required to undertake research in dental biomaterials. The text forms an instructive and practical review of the scientific methods applied to dental biomaterials, with appropriate case studies. Chapters discuss the practicalities of working on dental biomaterials and methods for characterising dental hand piece performance. Further chapters review optical and electron imaging techniques for biomaterial interfaces. Specific materials, applications and experimental techniques are discussed in addition to chapters reviewing the development and application of computer models to this complex area. Bioceramics and their clinical applications (ISBN 978-1-84569-204-9) Bioceramics and their clinical applications, written by leading academics from around the world, provides an authoritative review of this highly active area of research. Chapters in the first section of the book discuss issues of significance to a range of bioceramics, such as their structure, mechanical properties and biological interactions. The second part reviews the fabrication, microstructure and properties of specific bioceramics and glasses, concentrating on the most promising materials. The final group of chapters reviews the clinical applications of bioceramics. Surfaces and interfaces for biomaterials (ISBN 978-1-85573-930-7) Given such problems as rejection, the interface between an implant and its human host is a critical area in biomaterials. This book presents the current level of understanding on the nature of a biomaterial surface, the adaptive response of the biomatrix to that surface, techniques used to modify biocompatibility, and state-of-the-art characterisation techniques to follow the interfacial events at that surface. Details of these and other Woodhead Publishing materials books can be obtained by: • visiting our web site at www.woodheadpublishing.com (cid:127) contacting Customer Services (e-mail: [email protected]; fax: +44 (0) 1223 893694; tel: +44 (0) 1223 891358 ext. 130; address: Woodhead Publishing Limited, Abington Hall, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6AH, England) If you would like to receive information on forthcoming titles, please send your address details to: Francis Dodds (address, tel. and fax as above; e-mail: francis.dodds@ woodheadpublishing.com). Please confirm which subject areas you are interested in. Shape memory alloys for biomedical applications Edited by Takayuki Yoneyama and Shuichi Miyazaki CRC Press Boca Raton Boston New York Washington, DC Cambridge, England Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited, Abington Hall, Granta Park Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6AH, England www.woodheadpublishing.com Published in North America by CRC Press LLC, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487, USA First published 2009, Woodhead Publishing Limited and CRC Press LLC © 2009, Woodhead Publishing Limited The authors have asserted their moral rights. This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors and the publishers cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials. Neither the authors nor the publishers, nor anyone else associated with this publication, shall be liable for any loss, damage or liability directly or indirectly caused or alleged to be caused by this book. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from Woodhead Publishing Limited. The consent of Woodhead Publishing Limited does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from Woodhead Publishing Limited for such copying. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trade- marks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Woodhead Publishing ISBN 978-1-84569-344-2 (book) Woodhead Publishing ISBN 978-1-84569-524-8 (e-book) CRC Press ISBN 978-1-4200-7966-1 CRC Press order number WP7966 The publishers’ policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp which is processed using acid-free and elemental chlorine-free practices. Furthermore, the publishers ensure that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards. Typeset by Ann Buchan (Typesetters), Middlesex Printed by TJ International Limited, Padstow, Cornwall, England Contents Contributor contact details xi Preface xv Part I Materials 1 Shape memory effect and superelasticity in Ti–Ni alloys 3 S. MIYAZAKI, University of Tsukuba, Japan and R. L. SACHDEVA, OraMetrix, USA 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Shape memory effect and superelasticity 4 1.3 Elasticity and superelasticity 7 1.4 Superelasticity in clinical orthodontics 10 1.5 Superelasticity characteristics 13 1.6 Extrapolation factors affecting superelasticity 15 1.7 Conclusions 18 1.8 References 18 2 Mechanical properties of shape memory alloys 20 H. HOSODA and T. INAMURA,Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan 2.1 Introduction 20 2.2 Stress–strain curves 22 2.3 Stabilization of shape memory effect and superelasticity 27 2.4 Strain–temperature curves 28 2.5 Thermo-mechanical treatment 29 2.6 Multistage transformation 32 2.7 Texture effect 35 2.8 Summary 36 2.9 References 36 v vi Contents 3 Thermodynamics of the shape memory effect 37 in Ti–Ni alloys Y. LIU, The University of Western Australia, Australia 3.1 Thermal–mechanical coupling of thermoelastic 37 martensitic transformation 3.2 Thermoelasticity of martensitic transformations 39 3.3 Equilibrium thermodynamic theory of thermoelastic 42 martensitic transformations 3.4 Phenomenological thermodynamic theory of thermoelastic 45 martensitic transformations 3.5 Unified thermodynamic expression of thermoelastic 50 martensitic transformations 3.6 Thermodynamic expression of transformation temperatures 51 3.7 Transformation heats 55 3.8 Experimental verifications and interpretations 57 3.9 Generalisation of thermodynamic theories of thermoelastic 65 martensitic transformations 3.10 Summary 67 3.11 References 67 4 Alternative shape memory alloys 69 H. Y. KIM and S. MIYAZAKI, University of Tsukuba, Japan 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Shape memory effect and superelasticity in Ti–Nb 70 based alloys 4.3 Effect of interstitial alloying elements on shape memory 75 properties of Ti-based shape memory alloys 4.4 Effect of heat treatment condition on shape memory 77 properties of Ti-based shape memory alloys 4.5 Effect of textures on shape memory properties of 79 Ti-based shape memory alloys 4.6 Ti–Mo based shape memory alloys 81 4.7 Ti–V based shape memory alloys 83 4.8 Conclusions 83 4.9 References 83 Contents vii 5 Fabrication of shape memory alloy parts 86 T. HABU, Furukawa Techno Material Co. Ltd, Japan 5.1 General processing techniques for Ti–Ni alloys 86 5.2 Other machining methods for Ti–Ni alloys 96 5.3 Required properties of Ti–Ni alloys used in medical devices 99 5.4 Prospects 99 5.5 References 99 6 Response ofTi–Ni alloys for dental biomaterials to conditions in the mouth 101 Y. OSHIDA, Syracuse University and Indiana University, USA and F. FARZIN-NIA, Ormco Corporation, USA 6.1 Introduction 101 6.2 Discoloration 102 6.3 Corrosion of Ti–Ni alloys in various media 103 6.4 Corrosion behavior of Ti–Ni alloys in fluoride-containing solution 104 6.5 Corrosion behavior of Ti–Ni alloys in solution containing chloride ion 105 6.6 Corrosion behavior of Ti–Ni alloys in artificial saliva 106 6.7 Corrosion behavior of Ti–Ni alloys in simulated body fluid 107 6.8 Effects of alloying elements in Ti–Ni alloys on corrosion 108 behavior 6.9 Effect of surface modification on corrosion resistance 109 6.10 Release of metal ions and dissolution of Ti–Ni alloys 110 6.11 Allergic reaction, toxicity, and biocompatibility of 112 Ti–Ni alloys 6.12 Galvanic corrosion of Ti–Ni alloys 117 6.13 Microbiology-induced corrosion (MIC) of Ti–Ni alloys 118 6.14 Formation of titanium oxides 121 6.15 Air-formed titanium oxides 123 6.16 Passivation of Ti–Ni alloys 125 6.17 Oxidation at elevated temperatures 128 6.18 Crystal structures of titanium oxides 130 6.19 Characterization of oxides 131 6.20 Oxide growth, stability and breakdown 132 6.21 Reaction with hydrogen peroxide 133 6.22 Reaction of titanium with hydrogen 135 6.23 References 137 viii Contents 7 Understanding, predicting and preventing 150 failure ofTi–Ni shape memory alloys used in medical implants K. GALL, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA 7.1 Introduction 150 7.2 Overview of Ti–Ni mechanical failure modes 151 7.3 Inelastic deformation and fracture 152 7.4 Fatigue failure and life analysis 155 7.5 Influence of processing and material structure on 163 material failure 7.6 Influence of manufacturing and surface finish on 164 material failure 7.7 Summary and future trends 165 7.8 Sources of further information and advice 166 7.9 References 167 8 Surface modification ofTi–Ni alloys for 173 biomedical applications M. F. MAITZ, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Germany 8.1 Introduction 173 8.2 Surface finishing 174 8.3 Surface passivation 176 8.4 Coatings 180 8.5 Sterilization 185 8.6 Summary 186 8.7 References 188 9 Biocompatibility of Nitinol for biomedical 194 applications S. SHABALOVSKAYA, Ames Laboratory, USA and J. VAN HUMBEECK, Katholieke University Leuven, Belgium 9.1 Introduction 194 9.2 Biomechanical compatibility 195 9.3 Comparative metal toxicity 196 9.4 Patterns of nickel release from Nitinol 197 9.5 Response of cells to Ni release 200 9.6 Thrombogenic potential, platelet adhesion, and protein 205 adsorption Contents ix 9.7 Biological responses to modified Nitinol surfaces 210 9.8 In vivo responses 212 9.9 Conclusions and future trends 225 9.10 References 227 Part II Medical and dental devices 10 Self-expanding Nitinol stents for the treatment 237 of vascular disease D. STOECKEL, A. PELTON and T. DUERIG, Nitinol Devices & Components, USA 10.1 Introduction 237 10.2 Nitinol specific device characteristics 238 10.3 Nitinol stent designs 241 10.4 Biocompatibility and corrosion 249 10.5 Fatigue and durability of Nitinol stents 252 10.6 Sources of further information and advice 253 10.7 References 254 11 Orthodontic devices using Ti–Ni shape 257 memory alloys F. FARZIN-NIA, Ormco Corporation, USA and T. YONEYAMA, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Japan 11.1 Introduction 257 11.2 Wire properties in various stages of orthodontic treatment 258 11.3 Evolution of orthodontic wires 260 11.4 Ti–Ni orthodontic archwires 263 11.5 Ti–Ni alloy wires – effects of additional elements 281 11.6 Chemical properties in the oral environment 288 11.7 Other orthodontic appliances 289 11.8 Future trends 291 11.9 References 292 12 Endodontic instruments for root canal 297 treatment using Ti–Ni shape memory alloys T. YONEYAMA, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Japan and C. KOBAYASHI, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan 12.1 Root canal treatment 297 12.2 Stainless-steel instruments 298 x Contents 12.3 Ti–Ni alloy instruments 298 12.4 Root canal preparation system with Ti–Ni alloy instruments 303 12.5 Future development of Ti–Ni alloy instruments 303 12.6 References 304 13 Regulation, orthopedic, dental, endovascular and 306 other applications of Ti–Ni shape memory alloys L’H. YAHIA and F. RAYES, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Canada and A. O. WARRAK, University of Montreal, Canada 13.1 Introduction 306 13.2 USA Food and Drug Administration status of 307 Ti–Ni medical devices 13.3 Orthopedic/dental applications of Ti–Ni shape 309 memory alloys 13.4 Endovascular applications or interventions 315 13.5 Other applications of Ti–Ni shape memory alloys 317 13.6 Conclusions 319 13.7 Acknowledgement 320 13.8 References 320 Index 327

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Shape memory alloys are suitable for a wide range of biomedical applications, such as dentistry, bone repair and cardiovascular stents. Shape memory alloys for biomedical applications provides a comprehensive review of the use of shape memory alloys in these and other areas of medicine. Part one dis
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