“ihn” 15 2) Charles Daniels GARAMANTES OF | SOUTHERN | LIBYA The Oleander Press — CLAREMONT SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY LIBRARY Given by Dr. Ernest W. Tune ey) 1325 North College Avenue Claremont, CA 91711 eo wae — - ase _ os a - pulls dude “ ee ad Titi ‘etoks Pit <4 adios Ul shetdl « osW l, wut tow @eethel”™ «a i Ff > “een acy CW)1 © peg aals 7 oF nee q ‘ wt Lo > ee) Ww own lettin ”@ wl 7/9 te) ic gpl ral bra = “a9 i ‘ ’ 7 i ive 4 A% ‘- et . : aa) Gg a ‘ g* A 4 g wit ’ “deel W ome s . F a] ° 3 ne ; nl Geet 4 7) ‘9 : yu" » & ie < ie rh ye A 7 5 3 : Jedj-n malt %, i i Dake |v trw@ar afd ) Use i ast ott i] “ Ss t ee 217 ; ao wi 4q a) wk, ’ ej vt > rhc vu Al idies ‘ital? Sd Greve! ode we eit ¢ wi Wh vik een o« Ssniee bead ar tpys aay be eri“ nets ale veervtt? 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Raweres are sateptnk We Geaeten no feet 1 oedaiceges Circo swale ote} abaiatl vi en a St weeuveons fey leet by du’ © aly @ dew oa tie boned yaa <4) eee) i daw detteA RT tren eae eee. ome bas live) sume ie Lame ie creme 36 dow ese or weerigken”) vor! ‘he dace irt sah yah, ol fey ai itl: eemeneelsal s (he hy = Gerrig seres t we « veils a oe any a ja wate ah a avo Wing tee berries ; en . iy Vis wacay-'Vay tol 7 ha Loftiie ian ow is Who were the Garamantes: Short passages in Herodotus, Pliny the Elder, Strabo, Tacitus, Ptolemy and Pomponius Mela comprise almost the whole of ancient literary references to these people. Was their capital Garama, the now deserted town of Germa, or is it to be sought elsewhere? What was the extent of their territory: How did they live, without access to the coast held by their enemies the Romans: During the last twelve years Charles Daniels and his team of British archaeologists have been uncovering much more about them. Here for the first time is an authoritative study of the literary and archaeological evidence on the tribe. Charles Daniels was born and educated in Newcastle upon Tyne, and gained an honours degree in Modern History at the University of Durham, and an M.A. from the same University. He was appointed Research Fellow in King’s College, Newcastle, from 1959 to 1961, after which he joined the University Museum as Assistant Keeper, with some teaching responsibilities. As a professional archaeologist, Mr Daniels has excavated widely in Britain, and also in Libya, Italy and France, and has travelled much in Europe and Africa. His interests include photography, architecture, book- collecting and travelling, and his research (apart from the Garamantes) has covered Roman architecture and religion. He first visited Libya in 1958, travelling down to Fezzan in the company of Lady Brogan and Dr Smith to study Garamantian remains, for comparison with those at Ghirza. In 1959 he spent several weeks in July and August studying the remains of the Wadi el Agial, and first saw Gasr Mara. During the Christmas vacation of 1962-1963 he and Sir Ian Richmond carried out excavations in the vicinity of Germa at the invitation of the Libyan Directorate of Antiquities. In 1965 Mr Daniels led a three-month expedition to Fezzan, carrying out field work in the Wadi el Agial and excavations at Zinchecra (where he effectively discovered the Garamantian settlement), Germa, Saniat Gebril and one or two minor sites. These excavations, with larger- scale work at Zinchecra, were continued in 1967. In 1968, he attended the University of Libya’s Conference on Libya in History at Benghazi, giving a paper on the Garamantes. After this he carried out field work in the area Gasr Mara—Murzuch—Zuila, while in 1969 he carried out larger-scale excavations in Germa. US$E59 550mills UK £663 THE GARAMANTES OF SOUTHERN LIBYA Gabes oe Dis 50 100 150 200 250 Km 0 100 200 300 400 Sabratha Leptis N PHAZANIA aa X . Bu Ngem = A Gheriat “t HAMADA EL HAMR : BLACK MOUNTAINS Fig. 1: Coastal cities, outpost forts and the Garamantian lands THE GARAMANTES OF SOUTHERN LIBYA BY CHABLES DANIELS THE OLEANDER PRESS LIBRARY CLAREMONT SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY 1325 N. COLLEGE AVE. CLAREMONT, CA 91711-3199 The Oleander Press 17 Stansgate Avenue Cambridge CB2 2QZ A 28 England. gland ; 1970 Copyright by C. M. Daniels Photographs by the Author Designed by Derek Maggs Printed by Ditchling Press Ltd, Hassocks, Sussex, England ILLUSTRATIONS Between pages 32 and 33 1 Germa Deserta. 2 The Fauces Garamanticae: the Wadi el Agial at Fjej. 3 The Fauces Garamanticae: the el Agial escarpment at Brek. 4 Gebel Zinchecra, north slopes. 5 Garamantian prisoner on the Zliten Mosaic. 6 (i) Early grave with primitive ‘stele’. (ii) ‘Roman date’ grave with hand and offering table. 7 (i) Stepped couchets in Taglit cemetery. (ii) Mud-brick pyramids, el Hatir cemetery 1. 8 Gasr Uatuat mausoleum from the north-west. Zinchecra promontory fort, spur top and southern slopes. 10 (i) Zinchecra north slopes, early house (site 273). (ii) Zinchecra top, early house (site 71). 1r (i) Zinchecra, ‘Roman date’ villa no. 3. (ii) Zinchecra, detail of ashlar in villa 2. 12 (i) Garama, stone building 3, excavated. (ii) Garama, stone and earlier mud-brick buildings (site 4). 13. Saniat Gebril and the ‘lake’ from Germa. 14 The elephant of the ‘Sabrathan Trading Company’, Ostia. Figures 1 Coastal cities, outpost forts and the Garamantian lands. 2 The Wadi el Agial, giving modern place names. 3 A fragment of Ptolemy’s map showing the Garamantian lands (after the Rome edition, 1478). 4 Hunters, charioteers and oxen from the Tassili frescoes (after Lhote). 5 Garamantes (after Bates). (a): Chiefs and their families. (b): Warrior. (c): Chief and attendants. Garamantian head-dress (after Caputo). Zinchecra. Plan of early Garamantian houses. Garama. Plan of Germa and Saniat Gebril. Garama. Plan of excavations in Germa. Mapalia, huts of asphodel (after Bates). i OONOA N Perqy[ 2 e1Weyy 2 oe al i JOM, 2 < a Zz, lh Rk 2) < Ls g 5 ulyosny a Ea rv : Jasy je a2 Y) 3= : 1) z : ee BIBIOYD [o 2 ( ) op nN “U. = 2= ZAZs eqieyprionytoeasye 4

The Garamantes of Southern Libya

Similar The Garamantes of Southern Libya