The Garamantes of Southern Libya

72 Pages·1970·4.086 MB·English

by  Charles Daniels

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Charles Daniels
GARAMANTES
OF |
SOUTHERN |
LIBYA
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Who were the Garamantes: Short passages in Herodotus, Pliny the
Elder, Strabo, Tacitus, Ptolemy and Pomponius Mela comprise almost
the whole of ancient literary references to these people. Was their
capital Garama, the now deserted town of Germa, or is it to be sought
elsewhere? What was the extent of their territory: How did they live,
without access to the coast held by their enemies the Romans:
During the last twelve years Charles Daniels and his team of British
archaeologists have been uncovering much more about them. Here for
the first time is an authoritative study of the literary and archaeological
evidence on the tribe.
Charles Daniels was born and educated in Newcastle upon Tyne, and
gained an honours degree in Modern History at the University of
Durham, and an M.A. from the same University. He was appointed
Research Fellow in King’s College, Newcastle, from 1959 to 1961, after
which he joined the University Museum as Assistant Keeper, with some
teaching responsibilities.
As a professional archaeologist, Mr Daniels has excavated widely in
Britain, and also in Libya, Italy and France, and has travelled much in
Europe and Africa. His interests include photography, architecture, book-
collecting and travelling, and his research (apart from the Garamantes)
has covered Roman architecture and religion. He first visited Libya in
1958, travelling down to Fezzan in the company of Lady Brogan and
Dr Smith to study Garamantian remains, for comparison with those at
Ghirza. In 1959 he spent several weeks in July and August studying the
remains of the Wadi el Agial, and first saw Gasr Mara. During the
Christmas vacation of 1962-1963 he and Sir Ian Richmond carried out
excavations in the vicinity of Germa at the invitation of the Libyan
Directorate of Antiquities.
In 1965 Mr Daniels led a three-month expedition to Fezzan, carrying
out field work in the Wadi el Agial and excavations at Zinchecra
(where he effectively discovered the Garamantian settlement), Germa,
Saniat Gebril and one or two minor sites. These excavations, with larger-
scale work at Zinchecra, were continued in 1967.
In 1968, he attended the University of Libya’s Conference on Libya
in History at Benghazi, giving a paper on the Garamantes. After this he
carried out field work in the area Gasr Mara—Murzuch—Zuila, while
in 1969 he carried out larger-scale excavations in Germa.
US$E59 550mills UK £663
THE GARAMANTES OF SOUTHERN LIBYA
Gabes oe Dis 50 100 150 200 250
Km 0 100 200 300 400
Sabratha
Leptis N
PHAZANIA
aa X . Bu Ngem
= A Gheriat “t
HAMADA EL HAMR :
BLACK
MOUNTAINS
Fig. 1: Coastal cities, outpost forts and the Garamantian lands
THE GARAMANTES
OF SOUTHERN LIBYA
BY
CHABLES DANIELS
THE OLEANDER PRESS
LIBRARY
CLAREMONT SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY
1325 N. COLLEGE AVE.
CLAREMONT, CA 91711-3199
The Oleander Press
17 Stansgate Avenue
Cambridge CB2 2QZ A
28 England. gland
; 1970
Copyright by C. M. Daniels
Photographs by the Author
Designed by Derek Maggs
Printed by Ditchling Press Ltd, Hassocks, Sussex, England
ILLUSTRATIONS
Between pages 32 and 33
1 Germa Deserta.
2 The Fauces Garamanticae: the Wadi el Agial at Fjej.
3 The Fauces Garamanticae: the el Agial escarpment at Brek.
4 Gebel Zinchecra, north slopes.
5 Garamantian prisoner on the Zliten Mosaic.
6 (i) Early grave with primitive ‘stele’.
(ii) ‘Roman date’ grave with hand and offering table.
7 (i) Stepped couchets in Taglit cemetery.
(ii) Mud-brick pyramids, el Hatir cemetery 1.
8 Gasr Uatuat mausoleum from the north-west.
Zinchecra promontory fort, spur top and southern slopes.
10 (i) Zinchecra north slopes, early house (site 273).
(ii) Zinchecra top, early house (site 71).
1r (i) Zinchecra, ‘Roman date’ villa no. 3.
(ii) Zinchecra, detail of ashlar in villa 2.
12 (i) Garama, stone building 3, excavated.
(ii) Garama, stone and earlier mud-brick buildings (site 4).
13. Saniat Gebril and the ‘lake’ from Germa.
14 The elephant of the ‘Sabrathan Trading Company’, Ostia.
Figures
1 Coastal cities, outpost forts and the Garamantian lands.
2 The Wadi el Agial, giving modern place names.
3 A fragment of Ptolemy’s map showing the Garamantian lands
(after the Rome edition, 1478).
4 Hunters, charioteers and oxen from the Tassili frescoes (after
Lhote).
5 Garamantes (after Bates). (a): Chiefs and their families.
(b): Warrior. (c): Chief and attendants.
Garamantian head-dress (after Caputo).
Zinchecra. Plan of early Garamantian houses.
Garama. Plan of Germa and Saniat Gebril.
Garama. Plan of excavations in Germa.
Mapalia, huts of asphodel (after Bates).
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