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Neuromethods 190 Jaanus Harro Editor Psychiatric Vulnerability, Mood, and Anxiety Disorders Tests and Models in Mice and Rats N EUROMETHODS SeriesEditor Wolfgang Walz University ofSaskatchewan Saskatoon, SK,Canada Forfurther volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7657 Neuromethodspublishescutting-edgemethodsandprotocolsinallareasofneuroscienceas wellastranslationalneurologicalandmentalresearch.Eachvolumeintheseriesofferstested laboratoryprotocols,step-by-stepmethodsforreproduciblelabexperimentsandaddresses methodologicalcontroversiesandpitfallsinordertoaidneuroscientistsinexperimentation. Neuromethodsfocusesontraditionalandemergingtopicswithwide-rangingimplicationsto brain function, such as electrophysiology, neuroimaging, behavioral analysis, genomics, neurodegeneration,translationalresearchandclinicaltrials.Neuromethodsprovidesinvesti- gators and trainees with highly useful compendiums of key strategies and approaches for successful research in animal and human brain function including translational “bench to bedside”approachestomentalandneurologicaldiseases. Psychiatric Vulnerability, Mood, and Anxiety Disorders Tests and Models in Mice and Rats Edited by Jaanus Harro Chair of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia Editor JaanusHarro ChairofNeuropsychopharmacology, InstituteofChemistry UniversityofTartu Tartu,Estonia ISSN0893-2336 ISSN1940-6045 (electronic) Neuromethods ISBN978-1-0716-2747-1 ISBN978-1-0716-2748-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2748-8 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC,part ofSpringerNature2023 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting,reproductionon microfilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageand retrieval,electronicadaptation, computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilar methodologynow knownorhereafter developed. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply, evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulations andthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelievedto betrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty, expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeen made.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisHumanaimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC,partofSpringer Nature. Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:1NewYorkPlaza,NewYork,NY10004,U.S.A. Preface to the Series Experimental life sciences have two basic foundations: concepts and tools. The Neuro- methods series focuses on the tools and techniques unique to the investigation of the nervous system and excitable cells. It will not, however, shortchange the concept side of thingsascarehasbeentakentointegratethesetoolswithinthecontextoftheconceptsand questions under investigation. In this way, the series is unique in that it not only collects protocols but also includes theoretical background information and critiques which led to themethodsandtheirdevelopment.Thus,itgivesthereaderabetterunderstandingofthe origin of the techniques and their potential future development. The Neuromethods publishing program strikes a balance between recent and exciting developments like those concerningnewanimalmodelsofdisease,imaging,invivomethods,andmore established techniques, including, for example, immunocytochemistry and electrophysiological tech- nologies.Newtraineesinneurosciencesstillneedasoundfootingintheseoldermethodsin order toapplyacriticalapproachtotheir results. Under theguidanceofitsfounders,AlanBoultonandGlenBaker,theNeuromethods serieshasbeenasuccesssinceitsfirstvolumepublishedthroughHumanaPressin1985.The seriescontinuestoflourishthroughmanychangesovertheyears.Itisnowpublishedunder theumbrellaofSpringerProtocols.Whilemethodsinvolvingbrainresearchhavechangeda lot since theseriesstarted, thepublishingenvironmentand technologyhavechanged even more radically. Neuromethods has the distinct layout and style of the Springer Protocols program,designedspecificallyfor readabilityandeaseofreferenceinalaboratorysetting. Thecarefulapplicationofmethodsispotentiallythemostimportantstepintheprocess of scientific inquiry. In the past, new methodologies led the way in developing new dis- ciplines in the biological and medical sciences. For example, physiology emerged out of anatomyinthenineteenthcenturybyharnessingnewmethodsbasedonthenewlydiscov- eredphenomenonofelectricity.Nowadays,therelationshipsbetweendisciplinesandmeth- ods are more complex. Methods are now widely shared between disciplines and research areas. New developments in electronic publishing make it possible for scientists that encounter new methods to quickly find sources of information electronically. The design of individual volumes and chapters in this series takes this new access technology into account. Springer Protocols makes it possible to download single protocols separately. In addition, Springer makes its print-on-demand technology available globally. A print copy canthereforebeacquiredquicklyandforacompetitivepriceanywhereintheworld. Saskatoon,SK,Canada WolfgangWalz v Preface Worldwide, mood and anxiety disorders place the largest burden on mental health, and in turn,disordersofthebrainarethelargestsourceofhealthlossacrossalldiseases.Ourability tocombatthesepsychiatricdisordershasgrownwitheachdecade,andourunderstandingof the underlying genetics and neurobiology is improving and much facilitated by recent technologicaladvances.Nonetheless,thereisamajorperceivedunmetneedinthemanage- mentofmoodandanxietydisordersandconsequentlyamassiveresearcheffort,asreflected in the accelerating growth of the number of scientific publications. Such an expansive growth is also well observable in animal modelling literature. It is a both gratifying and worrisome trend, the former because animal models provide the necessary molecular and cellularprecision, thelatter becauseexpansioncan gowithreduction ofrigourinmethod- ology.Theappropriateuseofmethodsishowevereverimportantlestthedisappointmentof lay public, and drug regulation authorities with the perceived slow growth of innovation wereattributedtoanimalmodels. Additionallytothecontinueduseofmanytraditionalanimaltestsandmodels,techno- logical conceptual advances have taken place since the two previous successful volumes edited by Todd Gould for Neuromethods. Several novel techniques now becoming com- monplace in neuroscience will permit to elicit and monitor behaviour with high precision. These have also helped to raise the role of the rat as an experimental animal closer to the range it occupied before the rise of the mighty mouse. This also makes it necessary to reconsider the classic tests and models that have helped us to where we are now. Genetic studies in human patients and careful observation of animals in mood and anxiety models convergein thesuggestion that vulnerabilityand resilience factorsshould beincludedinto modeling.Thus,thiscollectionofchapterswillrefreshtheviewonclassictestsandmodels and proceed to include novel methods likely to aid in understanding mood and anxiety disorders and foster precision medicine. The authors are world-renowned scientists who have made important discoveries by means of using the models they describe in detail. Behaviour is complex, so the background sections bear particular importance. It is never- theless the careful description of how to plan and conduct the experiments and how to interprettheresultsthatdistinguishesthisbook.Godisinthedetail. Tartu,Estonia JaanusHarro vii Contents PrefacetotheSeries ........................................................... v Preface ..................................................................... vii Contributors................................................................. xi 1 AnimalModelsofMoodandAnxietyDisorders:ThePursuit ofStandardizationandRecognitionoftheComplexNeurobiology ofHumanMentalHealth........... ....... ....... ........ ....... ........ 1 JaanusHarro 2 TheOpenFieldTest ....... ........ ....... ....... ........ ....... ........ 9 VooteleV˜oikarandS.ClareStanford 3 TheLight–DarkBoxTestintheMouse ..... ....... ........ ....... ...... .. 31 SolalBlochandCatherineBelzung 4 TheOlfactoryBulbectomizedRodentRemainsaValuablePreclinical ModelofDepressionandAntidepressantActivity.... ........ ....... ........ 43 MichelleRocheandJohnP.Kelly 5 MarbleBuryinginMice .... ........ ....... ....... ........ ....... ........ 71 JeffreyM.WitkinandJodiL.Smith 6 HowtheSucrosePreferenceSucceedsorFailsasaMeasurement ofAnhedonia....... ....... ........ ..... .. ...... ....... .. .... ... ........ 89 TatyanaStrekalova 7 AVogelConflictTestUsingFoodReinforcementinMice .... ....... ........ 103 JeffreyM.WitkinandJodiL.Smith 8 FearConditioninginLaboratoryRodents .......... ........ ....... ........ 119 IrisMu¨llerandMarkusFendt 9 LearnedHelplessnessinRodents .... ....... ....... ........ ....... .. ...... 161 KenniaMouraSilveiraandSaˆmiaJoca 10 ChronobiologyofMoodStates:IntroducingCircadian AnimalModels ..... ....... ........ ....... ....... ........ ....... ........ 185 JorgeMendoza,No¨emiBillon,GuillaumeVanotti,andVivianePallage 11 TelemetryinRatsandMice:MethodologicalConsiderationsandExample StudiesofStressandAnxietyinGround-BasedSpaceflightAnalogs........... 201 LaurieL.Wellman,AustinM.Adkins,HargsoonYoon, RichardA.Britten,andLarryD.Sanford 12 UtilityandImplementationofOralCorticosteroidExposure inBehavioralNeuroscienceResearchwithRodents .......... ....... ........ 223 MichelleK.Sequeira,JaneR.Taylor,andShannonL.Gourley 13 AnimalModelsforMania........... ..... .. ....... ........ ....... ........ 233 KirstenSchmerderandNadjaFreund 14 SocialBehaviorTestinginMice:SocialInterest,Recognition, andAggression..... ....... ........ ....... ....... ........ ....... ........ 279 AmyE.Clipperton-AllenandDamonT.Page ix x Contents 15 RodentModelsforStudyingtheImpactofVariationinEarlyLife Mother–InfantInteractionsonMoodandAnxiety........... ....... ........ 309 HannahE.LappandFrancesA.Champagne 16 PrinciplesofRecordingRodentUltrasonicVocalizations ..... ....... ........ 329 StefanM.BrudzynskiandSylvieGranon 17 DevelopmentofaSelectively-BredMouseModelofDominance andSubmissiveness:TechnicalConsiderations....... ........ ....... ........ 353 AlbertPinhasov,ElenaShmerkin,LevLibergod,MichaelKirby, OryanAgranyoni,LiudmilaVinnikova,andDebpaliSur 18 PredictionofSusceptibility/ResilienceTowardAnimalModels ofPost-traumaticStressDisorder(PTSD) .......... ........ ....... ........ 379 MariaMorena,GiuliaFedericaMancini,andPatriziaCampolongo Index ...................................................................... 397 Contributors AUSTIN M.ADKINS (cid:129) SleepResearchLab,Center forIntegrativeNeuroscienceand InflammatoryDiseases,PathologyandAnatomy,EasternVirginiaMedicalSchool, Norfolk,VA,USA ORYANAGRANYONI (cid:129) DepartmentofMolecularBiologyandAdelsonSchoolofMedicine,Ariel University,Ariel,Israel CATHERINEBELZUNG (cid:129) UMR1253,iBrain,Universite´deTours,Inserm,Tours,France NOE¨MIBILLON (cid:129) InstituteofCellularandIntegrativeNeurosciences,CNRSUPR-3212 UniversityofStrasbourg,Strasbourg,France SOLALBLOCH (cid:129) UMR1253,iBrain,Universite´deTours,Inserm,Tours,France RICHARDA.BRITTEN (cid:129) Center forIntegrativeNeuroscienceandInflammatoryDiseases, EasternVirginiaMedicalSchool,Norfolk,VA,USA STEFANM.BRUDZYNSKI (cid:129) DepartmentofPsychology,BrockUniversity,St.Catharines,ON, Canada PATRIZIACAMPOLONGO (cid:129) DepartmentofPhysiologyandPharmacology,SapienzaUniversity ofRome,Rome,Italy;NeuropsychopharmacologyLaboratory,EuropeanCenter forBrain Research,SantaLuciaFoundation,Rome,Italy FRANCES A.CHAMPAGNE (cid:129) DepartmentofPsychology,UniversityofTexasatAustin,Austin, TX,USA AMYE.CLIPPERTON-ALLEN (cid:129) DepartmentofNeuroscience,UFScrippsBiomedicalResearch, Jupiter,FL,USA MARKUSFENDT (cid:129) InstituteforPharmacologyandToxicology,Otto-von-GuerickeUniversity Magdeburg,Magdeburg,Germany;Center forBehavioralBrainSciences,Otto-von- GuerickeUniversityMagdeburg,Magdeburg,Germany NADJA FREUND (cid:129) ResearchDivisionExperimentalandMolecularPsychiatry,LWL UniversityHospital,Ruhr-UniversityBochum,Bochum,Germany;Departmentof Psychiatry,PsychotherapyandPreventiveMedicine,Ruhr-UniversityBochum,Bochum, Germany SHANNONL.GOURLEY (cid:129) DepartmentsofPediatricsandPsychiatry,EmoryUniversitySchool ofMedicine,EmoryNationalPrimateResearchCenter,Atlanta,GA,USA SYLVIEGRANON (cid:129) CNRS,InstitutdesNeurosciencesParis-Saclay,Universite´Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette,France JAANUSHARRO (cid:129) ChairofNeuropsychopharmacology,InstituteofChemistry,Universityof Tartu,Tartu,Estonia;PsychiatryClinic,NorthEstoniaMedicalCentre,Tallinn,Estonia SAˆMIAJOCA (cid:129) SchoolofPharmaceuticalSciencesofRibeiraoPreto,UniversityofSa˜oPaulo, Sa˜oPaulo,Brazil;DepartmentofBiomedicine,AarhusUniversity,Aarhus,Denmark JOHNP.KELLY (cid:129) GalwayNeuroscienceCentre,UniversityofGalway,Galway,Ireland; PharmacologyandTherapeutics,SchoolofMedicine,UniversityofGalway,Galway,Ireland MICHAELKIRBY (cid:129) DepartmentofMolecularBiologyandAdelsonSchoolofMedicine,Ariel University,Ariel,Israel HANNAHE.LAPP (cid:129) DepartmentofPsychology,UniversityofTexasatAustin,Austin,TX, USA LEVLIBERGOD (cid:129) DepartmentofMolecularBiologyandAdelsonSchoolofMedicine,Ariel University,Ariel,Israel xi

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