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Personality, Individual Differences & Intelligence PDF

687 Pages·2007·23.82 MB·English
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“This is an excellent introduction to Personality, Individual Differences and Intelligence and will be invaluable for students undertaking a BPS accredited Psychology Degree course. It is by far the most comprehensive, accessible and thought provoking text that I have read on the subject.” Val Tuck, Newcastle University “An outstanding work that in my opinion succeeds in being both a fi rst class textbook for courses in Individual Differences and a fascinating read.” Steve Fisher, Strathclyde University Highly engaging and lively in presentation, this thought-provoking text introduces students to the major theories, methods, research fi ndings and debates in Personality, Individual Differences and Intelligence. The book offers a comprehensive, yet rigorous coverage of the subject matter and actively encourages students to develop skills in critical analysis. P ersonality, Individual Personality, Individual Differences and Intelligence is packed with examples and richly illustrated with photos, a full-colour design and a range of pedagogical features designed to stimulate interest and support learning. These include: Differences and Intelligence l Each chapter opens with Learning Outcomes, a list of Key Themes and a real-world example to engage students and help them manage their study. l Stop and think boxes encourage students to question theories and arguments they have just read and develop skils in critical thinking. John Maltby, Liz Day l Profi le boxes ensure students are informed of key fi gures and thinkers. l Critical Thinking section with discussion questions, essay questions and an annotated guide to further and Ann Macaskill reading, encourage students to consolidate and develop their understanding to a higher level. l ‘Connecting up’ draws attention to links between different areas of psychology and topics covered in the book. Personality, Individual Differences and Intelligence also includes separate chapters on academic argument, statistical analysis, psychometric testing and ethics to provide a framework for the academic and technical terms that are used commonly in the fi eld. A website accompanying the book features weblinks, dissertation suggestions and a range of questions to allow you to consolidate and further your understanding. This can be found at www.pearsoned.co.uk/maltby. Dr John Maltby is a lecturer in Psychology at the University of Leicester. He has over 100 publications in the Literature of Personality and Individual Differences. Dr Liz Day is a lecturer in Psychology at Sheffi eld Hallam University. She has over 30 publications in the area of Individual Differences and Positive Psychology. She has also trained as a clinical hypnotherapist. Professor Ann Macaskill has lectured on Personality and Individual Differences for many years. She is also trained in Counselling and Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. ISBN 0-13-129760-0 9 780131 297609 A wdwdiwti.poenarl sotnuedde.ncto .suukp/mpoarlt bayt: Fro©nt Gceotvteyr Iimmaaggees: www.pearson-books.com 0131297600_COVER.indd 1 12/10/06 15:29:22 John Maltby Personality, Individual Liz Day Differences and Intelligence Ann Macaskill PIDI_A01.QXD 2/15/08 7:02 AM Page i Personality, Individual Differences and Intelligence Visit the Personality, Individual Differences and Intelligence Companion Website at www.pearsoned.co.uk/maltby to find valuable student learning material including: ● Multiple choice questions on each chapter to help test your learning ● Additional essay questions to give you further practice at exam-style questions ● Advanced Reading section containing a variety of current research papers that enable you to key into current issues and gain ideas for your independent projects ● Annotated links to relevant sites on the web PIDI_A01.QXD 2/15/08 7:02 AM Page ii We work with leading authors to develop the strongest educational materials in psychology, bringing cutting-edge thinking and best learning practice to a global market. Under a range of well-known imprints, including Prentice Hall, we craft high-quality print and electronic publications which help readers to understand and apply their content, whether studying or at work. To find out more about the complete range of our publishing, please visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk PIDI_A01.QXD 2/15/08 7:02 AM Page iii Harlow, England • London • New York • Boston • San Francisco • Toronto • Sydney • Tokyo • Singapore • Hong Kong • Seoul • Taipei • New Delhi • Cape Town • Madrid • Mexico City • Amsterdam • Munich • Paris • Milan PIDI_A01.QXD 2/15/08 7:02 AM Page iv Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk First published 2007 © Pearson Education Ltd 2007 The rights of John Maltby, Liz Day and Ann Macaskill to be identified as authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. ISBN: 978-0-13-129760-9 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 10 09 08 Typeset in 9.5 Minion by 72. Printed and bound by Graficas Estella, Bilbao, Spain. The publisher’s policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests. PIDI_A01.QXD 2/15/08 7:03 AM Page v Brief Contents Guided Tour xiv Preface xviii Acknowledgements xxiii Part 1 Personality 3 Chapter 1 Personality Theory in Context 4 Chapter 2 The Basis of the Psychoanalytic Approach to Personality 22 Chapter 3 Developments of Freudian Theorising 44 Chapter 4 Learning Theory Perspectives on Personality 74 Chapter 5 Cognitive Personality Theories 104 Chapter 6 Humanistic Personality Theories 130 Chapter 7 The Trait Approach to Personality 158 Chapter 8 Biological Basis of Personality I: Genetic Heritability of Personality and Biological and Physiological Models of Personality 182 Chapter 9 Biological Basis of Personality II: Evolutionary Psychology and Animal Studies of Personality 212 Part 2 Intelligence 237 Chapter 10 An Introduction to Intelligence 238 Chapter 11 Theories and Measurement of Intelligence 256 Chapter 12 Intelligence Tests: What Do Scores on Intelligence Tests Reflect? 284 Chapter 13 Heritability and Socially Defined Race Differences in Intelligence 312 Chapter 14 Sex Differences in Intelligence: Spatial Intelligence and Emotional Intelligence 350 Chapter 15 The Application of Personality and Intelligence in Education and the Workplace 384 Part 3 Applied Individual Differences 415 Chapter 16 An Introduction to Applied Individual Differences 416 Chapter 17 Optimism 428 PIDI_A01.QXD 2/15/08 7:03 AM Page vi vi BRIEF CONTENTS Chapter 18 Irrational Beliefs 452 Chapter 19 Embarrassment, Shyness and Social Anxiety 474 Chapter 20 Interpersonal Relationships 498 Chapter 21 Social Attitudes 528 Part 4 Supplementary Material 557 Chapter 22 Academic Argument and Thinking 558 Chapter 23 Statistical Terms 566 Chapter 24 Psychometric Testing 576 Chapter 25 Research Ethics 582 Glossary 590 References 607 Index 639 PIDI_A01.QXD 2/15/08 7:03 AM Page vii Contents Guided Tour xiv The structure of the personality 27 Preface xviii The development of personality 29 Defence mechanisms 32 Acknowledgements xxiii Repression 33 Denial 34 Projection 34 Part 1 Personality 3 Reaction formation 34 Rationalisation 35 1 Personality Theory in Context* 4 Conversion reaction 35 General population perspectives: implicit Phobic avoidance 35 personality theories 5 Displacement 35 Problems with implicit theories 6 Regression 35 How is personality defined? 6 Isolation 35 Lay definitions of personality 6 Undoing 35 Psychological definitions of personality 7 Sublimation 36 The aims of studying personality 8 Clinical applications of Freudian theory 36 The source of the term ‘personality’ 9 Evaluation of Freudian theory 37 Approaches to studying personality: Description 37 idiographic versus nomothetic 10 Explanation 38 Describing personality 10 Empirical validity and testable concepts 38 Distinctions and assertions in personality research 11 Comprehensiveness 39 Effects of personality versus situational effects 12 Parsimony 39 Measurement Issues 13 Heuristic value 40 Strands of personality theorising 13 Applied value 40 The clinical approach and its history 13 Individual differences emphasis on personality 3 Developments of Freudian Theorising 44 and its history 15 Individual psychology of Alfred Adler 46 Studying personality as a personal experience 16 Inferiority feelings 46 Reading critically and evaluating theories 16 Personality development in Adlerian terms 47 The cultural context of personality theories 19 Birth order 48 Characteristics of the neurotic personality 49 2 The Basis of the Psychoanalytic Adlerian treatment approaches 50 Approach to Personality 22 Evaluation of Adler’s individual psychology theory 51 Carl Jung and analytic psychology 53 Description of Freud’s theory of personality 24 Structures within the psyche 54 Levels of consciousness 24 Jungian personality types 57 The nature of human beings and the source Jung’s conception of mental illness of human motivation 25 and its treatment 58 Evaluation of Jung’s theory 59 *Key Themes, Learning Outcomes and Introduction open The psychology of Karen Horney 61 each chapter; Final Comments, Summary, Connecting Up, Essentials of Horney’s theoretical position 61 Critical Thinking, Going Further and Film and Literature can The development of the personality be found at the end of each chapter. and the neurotic personality 62 PIDI_A01.QXD 2/15/08 7:03 AM Page viii viii CONTENTS Defence mechanisms 66 Overall evaluation of cognitive approaches 125 Penis envy and female masochism 66 Description 125 Evaluation of Horney’s theory 67 Explanation 125 Empirical validity 125 4 Learning Theory Perspectives Testable concepts 125 on Personality 74 Comprehensiveness 125 Parsimony 125 Introduction to learning theory 76 Heuristic value 126 The clinical perspective within Applied value 126 classical conditioning 77 The radical behaviourism of B. F. Skinner 78 6 Humanistic Personality Theories 130 Attempts to apply learning theory approaches to personality 82 Historical roots and key elements The stimulus-response model of personality of the humanistic approach 132 of Dollard and Miller 83 Abraham Maslow and self-actualisation 132 Albert Bandura and social learning theory 85 Human nature and human motivation 132 Learning within Bandura’s model 87 Hierarchy of needs 134 Personality development in social learning theory 88 Discussion of basic needs 136 Self-efficacy as a self-regulatory process 88 Characteristics of self-actualisers 137 Increasing self-efficacy ratings 89 Personality development 138 Measuring self-efficacy 90 Mental illness and its treatment in Julian Rotter and locus of control 90 Maslow’s approach 138 The impact of locus of control on behaviour 92 Evaluation of Maslow’s theory 139 Walter Mischel 93 Carl Rogers and person-centred therapy 141 The impact of Mischel 97 Basic principles underlying the theory 141 Evaluation of learning theory approaches 97 Self-actualisation 141 Description 97 Effect of society on self-actualisation 142 Explanation 98 Developmental impact on the child Empirical validity 99 of their parent’s self-concept 144 Testable concepts 99 The role of the actualising tendency in development 145 Comprehensiveness 99 Rogers’ conceptualisation of psychological problems 146 Parsimony 99 The principles of Rogerian counselling 147 Heuristic value 99 The role of the therapist or counsellor 149 Applied value 100 Evaluation of Rogers’ theory 152 5 Cognitive Personality Theories 104 7 The Trait Approach to Personality 158 Theory of personal constructs of George A. Kelly 106 Emergence of personality traits 159 The view of the person in Kelly’s theory 106 Defining personality traits 160 Concepts within Kelly’s theory 107 The development of trait theories Personality development according to Kelly 111 within psychology 161 Assessing personality in personal construct theory 112 Sheldon and somatypes 161 Clinical applications of personal construct theory 113 Early lexical approaches to personality Albert Ellis and Rational-Emotive Behaviour Therapy 115 and the lexical hypothesis 162 Origins of the theory of Rational-Emotive Gordon Allport 163 Behaviour Therapy 115 Raymond Cattell and the emergence Rational and irrational thoughts 115 of the factor analytic approach 165 The importance of perception and the subjective Types of traits 165 worldview 118 Contribution of Cattell 169 Development of the individual 121 Hans Eysenck’s trait theory of personality 170 The basic model of Rational-Emotive Eysenck’s structure of personality 171 Behaviour Therapy 122 Research evidence for Eysenck’s types 173 Sources of psychological disturbance 123 Psychopathology and Eysenck’s therapeutic Applications of Rational-Emotive approach 174 Behaviour Therapy 124 Eysenck’s contribution to trait theorising 174 Research evidence for effectiveness The five-factor model 175 of Rational-Emotive Behaviour Therapy 124 Evidential sources for the five-factor model 175 Contentious issues 124 Evaluation of the Big Five and trait approaches 177 PIDI_A01.QXD 2/15/08 7:03 AM Page ix CONTENTS ix 8 Biological Basis of Personality I: Methods in animal personality research 226 Genetic Heritability of Personality Reliability and validity of animal and Biological and Physiological personality research 227 Models of Personality 182 Animal personality: the emergence of the five-factor model of personality 228 Behavioural genetics 183 Animal personality: informing evolutionary Behavioural genetics: basic ideas 183 theories of personality? 228 How the influence of genes is assessed Consideration of animal personality research 229 in behaviour genetics 184 Methods for assessing genetic heritability of personality 185 Genetic heritability estimates and personality 186 Part 2 Intelligence 237 Considerations within behavioural genetics and personality 190 10 An Introduction to Intelligence 238 Conceptions of genetic heritability Why does intelligence matter? 240 and the environment 190 Implicit theories of intelligence 240 Different types of genetic variance 191 Research into implicit theories Shared and non-shared environments 191 of intelligence 241 Problems with the representativeness Laypersons’ implicit theories across cultures 243 of twin and adoption studies 196 Implicit theories of intelligence Assortative mating 196 across the life span 246 Changing world of genetics 197 Expert conceptions of intelligence 249 A framework for considering heritability in personality 198 A task force in intelligence 250 Psychophysiology, neuropsychology and The focus of this part of the book 252 personality 199 Eysenck’s biological model of personality and arousal 200 11 Theories and Measurement of Intelligence 256 Gray’s BAS/BIS theory 202 The birth of the psychology of intelligence: Galton Cloninger’s biological model of personality 204 and Binet 258 Empirical evidence for biological theories Galton 258 of personality 206 Binet 258 The central nervous system and biological The search for measurement continues: the birth personality dimensions 206 of ‘IQ’ and standardised testing 259 The autonomic nervous system and biological Terman 260 personality dimensions 207 Yerkes 260 Consideration of biological theories of personality 208 General intelligence (g): the theory and the measurement 262 ‘g’ 262 9 Biological Basis of Personality II: Measuring ‘g’: the Wechsler and Evolutionary Psychology and Animal Raven’s Matrices 262 Studies of Personality 212 Multifactor theorists: Thurstone, Cattell Evolutionary theory 213 and Guilford 270 Evolutionary psychology and adaptation 214 Thurstone: ‘g’ results from seven primary The use of evolutionary psychology mental abilities 270 in understanding behaviour 214 Cattell: fluid and crystallised intelligence 270 Evolutionary personality and personality Guilford: many different intelligences and individual differences psychology 218 and many different combinations 271 An introduction to evolutionary Intelligence and factor analysis — a third way: personality psychology: Buss’ theory The hierarchal approach 272 of personality and adaptation 218 Vernon 272 How individual differences arise through Carroll: from the Three-Stratum Model of Human co-operation: the example of leadership 219 Cognitive Abilities to CHC 273 Life history and personality 222 Cattell, Horn and Carroll (CHC): theory, Consideration of the evolutionary theory research and practice together 274 of personality 223 Other theories of intelligence: Gardner Animals and their personality 225 and Sternberg 276 Animals and personality: a historical context 225 Howard Gardner: multiple intelligences 276 Within-species versus cross-species comparisons 225 Robert Sternberg 278

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