Personality, Individual Differences & Intelligence

687 Pages·2007·23.82 MB·English

by  Liz Day, Ann Macaskill, John Maltby

“This is an excellent introduction to Personality, Individual Differences and
Intelligence and will be invaluable for students undertaking a BPS accredited
Psychology Degree course. It is by far the most comprehensive, accessible
and thought provoking text that I have read on the subject.”
Val Tuck, Newcastle University
“An outstanding work that in my opinion succeeds in being both a fi rst class
textbook for courses in Individual Differences and a fascinating read.”
Steve Fisher, Strathclyde University
Highly engaging and lively in presentation, this thought-provoking text introduces students to the major theories,
methods, research fi ndings and debates in Personality, Individual Differences and Intelligence.
The book offers a comprehensive, yet rigorous coverage of the subject matter and actively encourages students
to develop skills in critical analysis.
P ersonality, Individual
Personality, Individual Differences and Intelligence is packed with examples and richly illustrated with photos,
a full-colour design and a range of pedagogical features designed to stimulate interest and support learning.
These include: Differences and Intelligence
l Each chapter opens with Learning Outcomes, a list of Key Themes and a real-world example to engage
students and help them manage their study.
l Stop and think boxes encourage students to question theories and arguments they have just read and
develop skils in critical thinking. John Maltby, Liz Day
l Profi le boxes ensure students are informed of key fi gures and thinkers.
l Critical Thinking section with discussion questions, essay questions and an annotated guide to further and Ann Macaskill
reading, encourage students to consolidate and develop their understanding to a higher level.
l ‘Connecting up’ draws attention to links between different areas of psychology and topics covered in the book.
Personality, Individual Differences and Intelligence also includes separate chapters on academic argument,
statistical analysis, psychometric testing and ethics to provide a framework for the academic and technical terms
that are used commonly in the fi eld.
A website accompanying the book features weblinks, dissertation suggestions and a range of questions to allow
you to consolidate and further your understanding. This can be found at www.pearsoned.co.uk/maltby.

Dr John Maltby is a lecturer in Psychology at the University of Leicester. He has over 100 publications in the
Literature of Personality and Individual Differences.
Dr Liz Day is a lecturer in Psychology at Sheffi eld Hallam University. She has over 30 publications in the area of
Individual Differences and Positive Psychology. She has also trained as a clinical hypnotherapist.
Professor Ann Macaskill has lectured on Personality and Individual Differences for
many years. She is also trained in Counselling and Cognitive Behaviour Therapy.
ISBN 0-13-129760-0
9 780131 297609
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John Maltby
Personality, Individual
Liz Day
Differences and Intelligence Ann Macaskill
PIDI_A01.QXD 2/15/08 7:02 AM Page i
Personality, Individual
Differences and Intelligence
Visit the Personality, Individual Differences and Intelligence Companion Website
at www.pearsoned.co.uk/maltby to find valuable student learning material
including:
● Multiple choice questions on each chapter to help test your learning
● Additional essay questions to give you further practice at exam-style questions
● Advanced Reading section containing a variety of current research papers that
enable you to key into current issues and gain ideas for your independent
projects
● Annotated links to relevant sites on the web
PIDI_A01.QXD 2/15/08 7:02 AM Page ii
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First published 2007
© Pearson Education Ltd 2007
The rights of John Maltby, Liz Day and Ann Macaskill to be identified as authors of
this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
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ISBN: 978-0-13-129760-9
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
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A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
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Typeset in 9.5 Minion by 72.
Printed and bound by Graficas Estella, Bilbao, Spain.
The publisher’s policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests.
PIDI_A01.QXD 2/15/08 7:03 AM Page v
Brief Contents
Guided Tour xiv
Preface xviii
Acknowledgements xxiii
Part 1 Personality 3
Chapter 1 Personality Theory in Context 4
Chapter 2 The Basis of the Psychoanalytic Approach to Personality 22
Chapter 3 Developments of Freudian Theorising 44
Chapter 4 Learning Theory Perspectives on Personality 74
Chapter 5 Cognitive Personality Theories 104
Chapter 6 Humanistic Personality Theories 130
Chapter 7 The Trait Approach to Personality 158
Chapter 8 Biological Basis of Personality I: Genetic Heritability of Personality and Biological
and Physiological Models of Personality 182
Chapter 9 Biological Basis of Personality II: Evolutionary Psychology and Animal Studies
of Personality 212
Part 2 Intelligence 237
Chapter 10 An Introduction to Intelligence 238
Chapter 11 Theories and Measurement of Intelligence 256
Chapter 12 Intelligence Tests: What Do Scores on Intelligence Tests Reflect? 284
Chapter 13 Heritability and Socially Defined Race Differences in Intelligence 312
Chapter 14 Sex Differences in Intelligence: Spatial Intelligence and Emotional Intelligence 350
Chapter 15 The Application of Personality and Intelligence in Education and the Workplace 384
Part 3 Applied Individual Differences 415
Chapter 16 An Introduction to Applied Individual Differences 416
Chapter 17 Optimism 428
PIDI_A01.QXD 2/15/08 7:03 AM Page vi
vi BRIEF CONTENTS
Chapter 18 Irrational Beliefs 452
Chapter 19 Embarrassment, Shyness and Social Anxiety 474
Chapter 20 Interpersonal Relationships 498
Chapter 21 Social Attitudes 528
Part 4 Supplementary Material 557
Chapter 22 Academic Argument and Thinking 558
Chapter 23 Statistical Terms 566
Chapter 24 Psychometric Testing 576
Chapter 25 Research Ethics 582
Glossary 590
References 607
Index 639
PIDI_A01.QXD 2/15/08 7:03 AM Page vii
Contents
Guided Tour xiv The structure of the personality 27
Preface xviii The development of personality 29
Defence mechanisms 32
Acknowledgements xxiii
Repression 33
Denial 34
Projection 34
Part 1 Personality 3 Reaction formation 34
Rationalisation 35
1 Personality Theory in Context* 4 Conversion reaction 35
General population perspectives: implicit Phobic avoidance 35
personality theories 5 Displacement 35
Problems with implicit theories 6 Regression 35
How is personality defined? 6 Isolation 35
Lay definitions of personality 6 Undoing 35
Psychological definitions of personality 7 Sublimation 36
The aims of studying personality 8 Clinical applications of Freudian theory 36
The source of the term ‘personality’ 9 Evaluation of Freudian theory 37
Approaches to studying personality: Description 37
idiographic versus nomothetic 10 Explanation 38
Describing personality 10 Empirical validity and testable concepts 38
Distinctions and assertions in personality research 11 Comprehensiveness 39
Effects of personality versus situational effects 12 Parsimony 39
Measurement Issues 13 Heuristic value 40
Strands of personality theorising 13 Applied value 40
The clinical approach and its history 13
Individual differences emphasis on personality 3 Developments of Freudian Theorising 44
and its history 15 Individual psychology of Alfred Adler 46
Studying personality as a personal experience 16 Inferiority feelings 46
Reading critically and evaluating theories 16 Personality development in Adlerian terms 47
The cultural context of personality theories 19 Birth order 48
Characteristics of the neurotic personality 49
2 The Basis of the Psychoanalytic Adlerian treatment approaches 50
Approach to Personality 22 Evaluation of Adler’s individual psychology theory 51
Carl Jung and analytic psychology 53
Description of Freud’s theory of personality 24
Structures within the psyche 54
Levels of consciousness 24
Jungian personality types 57
The nature of human beings and the source
Jung’s conception of mental illness
of human motivation 25
and its treatment 58
Evaluation of Jung’s theory 59
*Key Themes, Learning Outcomes and Introduction open The psychology of Karen Horney 61
each chapter; Final Comments, Summary, Connecting Up, Essentials of Horney’s theoretical position 61
Critical Thinking, Going Further and Film and Literature can The development of the personality
be found at the end of each chapter. and the neurotic personality 62
PIDI_A01.QXD 2/15/08 7:03 AM Page viii
viii CONTENTS
Defence mechanisms 66 Overall evaluation of cognitive approaches 125
Penis envy and female masochism 66 Description 125
Evaluation of Horney’s theory 67 Explanation 125
Empirical validity 125
4 Learning Theory Perspectives Testable concepts 125
on Personality 74 Comprehensiveness 125
Parsimony 125
Introduction to learning theory 76 Heuristic value 126
The clinical perspective within Applied value 126
classical conditioning 77
The radical behaviourism of B. F. Skinner 78
6 Humanistic Personality Theories 130
Attempts to apply learning theory approaches
to personality 82 Historical roots and key elements
The stimulus-response model of personality of the humanistic approach 132
of Dollard and Miller 83 Abraham Maslow and self-actualisation 132
Albert Bandura and social learning theory 85 Human nature and human motivation 132
Learning within Bandura’s model 87 Hierarchy of needs 134
Personality development in social learning theory 88 Discussion of basic needs 136
Self-efficacy as a self-regulatory process 88 Characteristics of self-actualisers 137
Increasing self-efficacy ratings 89 Personality development 138
Measuring self-efficacy 90 Mental illness and its treatment in
Julian Rotter and locus of control 90 Maslow’s approach 138
The impact of locus of control on behaviour 92 Evaluation of Maslow’s theory 139
Walter Mischel 93 Carl Rogers and person-centred therapy 141
The impact of Mischel 97 Basic principles underlying the theory 141
Evaluation of learning theory approaches 97 Self-actualisation 141
Description 97 Effect of society on self-actualisation 142
Explanation 98 Developmental impact on the child
Empirical validity 99 of their parent’s self-concept 144
Testable concepts 99 The role of the actualising tendency in development 145
Comprehensiveness 99 Rogers’ conceptualisation of psychological problems 146
Parsimony 99 The principles of Rogerian counselling 147
Heuristic value 99 The role of the therapist or counsellor 149
Applied value 100 Evaluation of Rogers’ theory 152
5 Cognitive Personality Theories 104 7 The Trait Approach to Personality 158
Theory of personal constructs of George A. Kelly 106 Emergence of personality traits 159
The view of the person in Kelly’s theory 106 Defining personality traits 160
Concepts within Kelly’s theory 107 The development of trait theories
Personality development according to Kelly 111 within psychology 161
Assessing personality in personal construct theory 112 Sheldon and somatypes 161
Clinical applications of personal construct theory 113 Early lexical approaches to personality
Albert Ellis and Rational-Emotive Behaviour Therapy 115 and the lexical hypothesis 162
Origins of the theory of Rational-Emotive Gordon Allport 163
Behaviour Therapy 115 Raymond Cattell and the emergence
Rational and irrational thoughts 115 of the factor analytic approach 165
The importance of perception and the subjective Types of traits 165
worldview 118 Contribution of Cattell 169
Development of the individual 121 Hans Eysenck’s trait theory of personality 170
The basic model of Rational-Emotive Eysenck’s structure of personality 171
Behaviour Therapy 122 Research evidence for Eysenck’s types 173
Sources of psychological disturbance 123 Psychopathology and Eysenck’s therapeutic
Applications of Rational-Emotive approach 174
Behaviour Therapy 124 Eysenck’s contribution to trait theorising 174
Research evidence for effectiveness The five-factor model 175
of Rational-Emotive Behaviour Therapy 124 Evidential sources for the five-factor model 175
Contentious issues 124 Evaluation of the Big Five and trait approaches 177
PIDI_A01.QXD 2/15/08 7:03 AM Page ix
CONTENTS ix
8 Biological Basis of Personality I: Methods in animal personality research 226
Genetic Heritability of Personality Reliability and validity of animal
and Biological and Physiological personality research 227
Models of Personality 182 Animal personality: the emergence
of the five-factor model of personality 228
Behavioural genetics 183
Animal personality: informing evolutionary
Behavioural genetics: basic ideas 183
theories of personality? 228
How the influence of genes is assessed
Consideration of animal personality research 229
in behaviour genetics 184
Methods for assessing genetic heritability
of personality 185
Genetic heritability estimates and personality 186 Part 2 Intelligence 237
Considerations within behavioural genetics
and personality 190 10 An Introduction to Intelligence 238
Conceptions of genetic heritability Why does intelligence matter? 240
and the environment 190 Implicit theories of intelligence 240
Different types of genetic variance 191 Research into implicit theories
Shared and non-shared environments 191 of intelligence 241
Problems with the representativeness Laypersons’ implicit theories across cultures 243
of twin and adoption studies 196 Implicit theories of intelligence
Assortative mating 196 across the life span 246
Changing world of genetics 197 Expert conceptions of intelligence 249
A framework for considering heritability in personality 198 A task force in intelligence 250
Psychophysiology, neuropsychology and The focus of this part of the book 252
personality 199
Eysenck’s biological model of personality
and arousal 200 11 Theories and Measurement of Intelligence 256
Gray’s BAS/BIS theory 202 The birth of the psychology of intelligence: Galton
Cloninger’s biological model of personality 204 and Binet 258
Empirical evidence for biological theories Galton 258
of personality 206 Binet 258
The central nervous system and biological The search for measurement continues: the birth
personality dimensions 206 of ‘IQ’ and standardised testing 259
The autonomic nervous system and biological Terman 260
personality dimensions 207 Yerkes 260
Consideration of biological theories of personality 208 General intelligence (g): the theory
and the measurement 262
‘g’ 262
9 Biological Basis of Personality II:
Measuring ‘g’: the Wechsler and
Evolutionary Psychology and Animal
Raven’s Matrices 262
Studies of Personality 212
Multifactor theorists: Thurstone, Cattell
Evolutionary theory 213 and Guilford 270
Evolutionary psychology and adaptation 214 Thurstone: ‘g’ results from seven primary
The use of evolutionary psychology mental abilities 270
in understanding behaviour 214 Cattell: fluid and crystallised intelligence 270
Evolutionary personality and personality Guilford: many different intelligences
and individual differences psychology 218 and many different combinations 271
An introduction to evolutionary Intelligence and factor analysis — a third way:
personality psychology: Buss’ theory The hierarchal approach 272
of personality and adaptation 218 Vernon 272
How individual differences arise through Carroll: from the Three-Stratum Model of Human
co-operation: the example of leadership 219 Cognitive Abilities to CHC 273
Life history and personality 222 Cattell, Horn and Carroll (CHC): theory,
Consideration of the evolutionary theory research and practice together 274
of personality 223 Other theories of intelligence: Gardner
Animals and their personality 225 and Sternberg 276
Animals and personality: a historical context 225 Howard Gardner: multiple intelligences 276
Within-species versus cross-species comparisons 225 Robert Sternberg 278