Zebrafish: Topics in Reproduction, Toxicology and Development

312 Pages·2014·9.2 MB·English

by  Charles A. Lessman, Ethan A. Carver

FISH, FISHING AND FISHERIES

ZEBRAFISH

TOPICS IN REPRODUCTION,
TOXICOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT

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FISH, FISHING AND FISHERIES

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FISH, FISHING AND FISHERIES

ZEBRAFISH

TOPICS IN REPRODUCTION,
TOXICOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT

CHARLES A. LESSMAN
AND
ETHAN A. CARVER
EDITORS

New York
Copyright © 2014 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

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CONTENTS

Preface vii
Part 1: Reproduction 1
Chapter 1 Age Determination of Gonad Maturation and Puberty Onset
in the Transparent casper Zebrafish Juvenile 3
Kathryn D. Jones and Charles A. Lessman
Chapter 2 Ovarian Follicle Dynamics Assessed In Vivo by Intraperitoneal
(I.P.) Trypan Blue Uptake during Vitellogenin Endocytosis
in Adult Female Zebrafish (Danio rerio) 15
Gayathri Kaushik and Charles A. Lessman
Chapter 3 The Protein Phosphatase Inhibitor, Okadaic Acid, Elicits Several
Components of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Oocyte Maturation In Vitro 39
Charles A. Lessman
Chapter 4 Get it Together: How RNA-Binding Proteins Assemble
and Regulate Germ Plasm in the Oocyte and Embryo 65
Odelya Hartung and Florence L. Marlow
Chapter 5 Zebrafish As a Model for Reproductive Biology
and Environmental Screening 107
Toshinobu Tokumoto
Chapter 6 Fecundity and Spawning Periodicity in Wild-Type Zebrafish
Mated Pairs: A Long-Term, Longitudinal Study 123
Charles A. Lessman
Part 2: Development 133
Chapter 7 Localization of the Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Cotransporter
(Slc12a2) during Zebrafish Embryogenesis and Myogenesis
and a Screen for Additional Antibodies to Study Zebrafish
Myogenesis 135
Ian Dew, Linda M. Sircy, Lauren Milleville, Michael R. Taylor,

Charles A. Lessman and Ethan A. Carver
vi Contents
Chapter 8 The Zebrafish Dead elvis (del) Mutant Encodes Titina 155
Ethan A. Carver, Lauren Milleville, Nominanda I. Barbosa,
Michael R. Taylor and Charles A. Lessman
Chapter 9 Renal System Development in the Zebrafish:
A Basic Nephrogenesis Model 179
Christina N. Cheng and Rebecca A. Wingert
Chapter 10 The Use of Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization Screening
to Understand the Developmental Toxicology of Environmental
Pollutants in Zebrafish Embryos 215
William K.F. Tse
Chapter 11 Using Zebrafish to Define Mechanisms of Lead (Pb)
Developmental Neurotoxicity 225
Sara E. Wirbisky and Jennifer L. Freeman
Chapter 12 The Embryonic Zebrafish as a Model System to Study
the Effects of Environmental Toxicants on Behavior 245
Holly Richendrfer, Robbert Creton and Ruth M. Colwill
Chapter 13 Acute Toxicity and Study of ―Biomarker of Effects‖ in
Zebrafish Embryos and Larvae Exposed to Selected Pesticides:
A Step towards Refined Risk Assessment of Chemical Agents 265
Wing Shan Chow and King Ming Chan
Index 295
PREFACE

This volume pulls together chapters running the gamut from gonad development, gamete
production, oocyte physiology, and endocrine disrupting chemicals to embryonic
development, toxicology and factors affecting behavior in juveniles and adults.
The first chapter introduces the double mutant transparent casper in a study of juvenile
gonad development and puberty onset. While zebrafish embryos and larvae are transparent,
the juveniles and adult develop pigment cells that obscure gonad development. This chapter
provides new data on puberty onset and gonad dynamics in casper zebrafish.
Chapter two describes new research using trypan blue as an endocytosis tracking marker
in zebrafish ovarian follicle vitellogenic growth. The results provide new data on ovarian
dynamics in vivo in this exciting model vertebrate.
In the third chapter, new research on protein phosphatase (PPase) inhibitors, including
okadaic acid, demonstrates that several components of zebrafish oocyte maturation in vitro
are induced by PPase inhibition. These data establish the zebrafish oocyte as a useful model
for study of signaling cascade factors involved in female gamete formation.
Chapter four reviews how RNA-binding proteins assemble and regulate germ plasm in
the zebrafish embryo and oocyte. The chapter illuminates the importance of a hitherto obscure
oocyte organelle, the Balbiani body, and how it relates to germ plasm.
Chapter five describes a transgenic, transparent zebrafish line as a potent model for
reproductive biology and environmental screening. The chapter puts forth new methodology
for assessing effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on reproductive biology in
this aquatic species.
The sixth chapter reports new data on fecundity and spawning frequency in wild-type
zebrafish mated pairs. The chapter provides a new experimental paradigm, namely a long-
term, longitudinal study that provides information about the reproductive cycle of this
important model species.
Chapter seven describes experiments involving the protein localization of the Sodium-
potassium-chloride cotransporter (Slc12a2) during both embryogenesis and myogenesis in
zebrafish. These findings illustrate the range of involvement this ion transporter has during
development of different organs. Also, this chapter summarizes a series of antibodies for use
in studying zebrafish myogenesis.
Chapter eight describes the characterization of the zebrafish dead elvis (del) mutant. This
mutant is characterized as a mobility mutant, and positional cloning and complementation
analysis indications it carries a mutation of the Titina gene. Whole-mount
viii Charles A. Lessman and Ethan A. Carver
immunohistochemistry using a variety of muscle specific antibodies reveal a lack of
sarcomere structure, indicative of the lack muscle contractibility seen the the del homozygous
mutants.
Chapter nine reviews the utility of the zebrafish as a basic model for kidney development.
This chapter discusses the conservation of nephron structures and how zebrafish have become
a useful model organism to study renal development. New technologies and established
research tools, including morpholinos, CRISPR-Cas, and TALENs, are discussed in light of
their usefulness in understanding nephogenesis in zebrafish.
Chapter ten examines toxicant screening involving zebrafish. Basic procedures for
toxicant testing are reviewed and elaborated upon. Organogenesis and finer points of
zebrafish development are discussed in relationship to providing a better understanding of the
toxicological effects of chemicals beyond a simple LC50 number.
Lead is a toxic heavy metal that historically has seen widespread usage and subsequent
human exposures. In Chapter eleven, researchers discuss research and the current
understanding of lead neurotoxicity. The use of model organisms; highlighted by the
zebrafish, are leading to a better understanding of lead neurotoxicity and providing a valuable
step to understanding the molecular mechanisms associated with lead exposure.
Chapter twelve highlights current research using zebrafish as a developmental model
system to study the effects of environmental toxicants on behavior. This chapter critically
reviews three different assays and their usage to screen for toxicant-induced behavioral
defects using zebrafish. These behavioral assays should provide insight into the mechanisms
that environmental toxicants use to influence human brain development and behavior.
In chapter thirteen researchers have developed a standard test procedure for using
zebrafish to better understand gene expression changes in response to pesticide exposures.
Zebrafish were tested for alteration of specific gene expression patterns in response to
different pesticides including: heptachlor, methoxychlor, endosulfan, chlorpyrifos, aldicarb,
and cypermethrin. This research should give scientists a better understanding of the effects of
pesticides and help in determining the permissible concentrations of pesticides in waters.

Ethan A. Carver and Charles A. Lessman, Editors
Thursday, January 30, 2014