Yeast cell envelopes. Volume I : biochemistry, biophysics, and ultrastructure

134 Pages·2018·34.391 MB·English

by  Arnold, Wilfred Niels

Yeast Cell
Envelopes:
Biochemistry,
Biophysics,
and
Ultrastructure
Volun1e I
Editor
Wilfred Niels Arnold, Ph.D.
Professor
Department of Biochemistry
University of Kansas Medical Center
Kansas City, Kansas
Boca Raton London New York
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Yeast cell envelopes: biochemistry, biophysics,
and ultrastructure.
(Uniscience series)
Includes bibliographies and indexes.
1. Yeast fungi. 2. Fungi—Cytology. I. Arnold,
Wilfred Niels, 1936-. II. Title: Cell en-
velopes. [DNLM: 1. Yeasts—Cytology. 2. Cell
membrane. QK 617.5 Y39]
QK617.5.Y4 589.2’33 81-415
ISBN 0-8493-5965-1 (v. 1) AACRl
ISBN 0-8493-5966-X (v. 2)
A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 81000415
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PREFACE
Yeasts hold important associations with man in at least three arenas. As industrial
agents their positions in the fermentative and baking industries are household
knowledge. A few yeast or yeast-like species are pathogenic. And, as experimental
eukaryotic cells, yeasts continue their long history as useful subjects for studies on
metabolism, genetics, and molecular biology.
A comprehensive review of the yeast cell envelope has not appeared previously and
we trust that this attempt will be timely. The title of this volume was chosen to reflect the
three major areas of contribution to our current understanding of the cell envelope, but
we have not attempted to group chapters into subdivisions. That would be somewhat
arbitrary at best. In fact, the contributing authors were recruited for their
interdisciplinary work as well as their special expertise.
The approach is to describe phenomena, to review the literature, and to illuminate
outstanding problems. We have also attempted to generate working hypotheses which
may stimulate further studies. That some of these ideas be of germinal value is of more
concern to us than that all of the hypotheses should stand the test of further
experimentation.
Brenda Johnson has given special assistance in the assemblage of this volume. I also
wish to acknowledge my former teachers and mentors Drs. G. Langdon, J. Middleton,
J. Bald, and J. Thompson, as well as two colleagues, E. Juni and I. Goldstein, for
encouragement during my formative years in biological chemistry.
W. N. Arnold
Westwood Hills, Kansas
July 1980
THE EDITOR
Wilfred N. Arnold, Ph.D., is Professor of Biochemistry at the University of Kansas
Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas. Dr. Arnold received a B.S. from the University
of Queensland, Australia in 1956, an M.A. from the University of California, Los
Angeles in 1958, and a Ph.D. from Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. in 1962. He has
held postdoctoral fellowships at the Waite Institute, University of Adelaide, Australia
and at the University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison. Before coming to Kansas
in 1971, he held research positions at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Research Organization (CSIRO) in Australia and the University of California at
Riverside; and an Assistant Professorship at Wayne State University Medical School,
Detroit, Mich.
Dr. Arnold is a member of the American Society of Biological Chemists, American
Chemical Society, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American
Society for Microbiology, Society for Complex Carbohydrates, and the honorary
society, Sigma Xi.
Dr. Arnold has authored 40 publications in biochemistry. His current research
interests are centered on the yeast cell envelope with particular emphasis on questions
at the interface of biochemistry and ultrastructure of pathogenic and nonpathogenic
species of yeast. This research has been sponsored by N.I.H., Research Corporation,
and Sigma Xi. Dr. Arnold has taught biochemistry to undergraduate, graduate, and
medical students and has authored and directed three educational films.
CONTRIBUTORS
JohnS. D. Bacon, Sc.D., F.R.S.E. Oldfich Necas, M.D., D.Sc.
Honorary Research Associate Professor and Head
University of Aberdeen and Department of Biology
Head Medical Faculty
Carbohydrate Biochemistry J. E. Purkyne University
Department Brno, Czechoslovakia
Rowett Research Institute
Bucksburn, Aberdeen Armando J. Parodi, Ph.D.
Scotland, United Kingdom Visiting Scientist
Department of Microbiology
Robert G. Garrison, Ph.D. The Wellcome Research Laboratories
Research Microbiologist Research Triangle Park, North
Veterans Administration Medical Carolina
Center
Kansas City, Missouri and
Martin L. Slater, Ph.D.
Associate Professor
Executive Secretary
Department of Microbiology
Microbial Physiology Study Section
University of Kansas Medical Center
Division of Research Grants
Kansas City, Kansas
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland
Jaroslav Horak, Ph.D.
Senior Worker
Department of Cell Physiology
Eva Streiblova, Ph.D.
Institute of Microbiology
Senior Scientific Worker
Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences
Department of Cell Physiology
Videnska, Prague
Institute of Microbiology
Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences
Videnska, Prague
Arnost Kotyk, D.Sc.
Czechoslovakia
Head
Department of Cell Physiology
Institute of Microbiology Shigeo Suzuki, Ph.D.
Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences Professor
and The Second Department of Hygienic
Professor Chemistry
Charles University Tohoku College of Pharmacy
Videnska, Prague Komatsushima, Sendai
Czechoslovakia Japan
Augustin Svoboda, M.D., Ph.D.
Assistant Professor
Department of Biology
Medical Faculty
J. E. Purkyne University
Brno, Czechoslovakia
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Volume I
Chapter 1
Introduction ............................................................................................. 1
W. N. Arnold
Chapter 2
Atlas of Cell Morphology ........................................................................... 5
R. G. Garrison and W. N. Arnold
Chapter 3
Physical Aspects of the Yeast Cell Envelope ................................................ 25
W. N. Arnold
Chapter 4
Transport Processes in the Plasma Membrane .............................................. 49
A. Kotyk and J. Horak
Chapter 5
Nature and Disposition of Polysaccharides within the Cell Envelope ................ 65
J. S. D. Bacon
Chapter 6
Antigenic Determinants ............................................................................ 85
S. Suzuki
Chapter 7
Lipids .................................................................................................... 97
W. N. Arnold
Subject Index ........................................................................................ 115
Taxonomic Index ................................................................................... 123
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Volume II
Chapter 1
Enzymes .................................................................................................. 1
W. N. Arnold
Chapter 2
Biosynthetic Mechanisms for Cell Envelope Polysaccharides ........................... 47
A. J. Parodi
Chapter 3
Molecular Biology of Budding ................................................................... 65
M. L. Slater
Chapter 4
Fission ................................................................................................... 79
E. Streiblova
Chapter 5
Protoplasts ............................................................................................. 93
W. N. Arnold
Chapter 6
Morphogenesis in Protoplasts ................................................................... 105
0. Neeas and A. Svoboda
Chapter 7
Autolysis .............................................................................................. 129
W. N. Arnold
Chapter 8
Vegetative Ultrastructure ......................................................................... 139
R. G. Garrison
Subject Index ........................................................................................ 161
Taxonomic Index ................................................................................... 169

1
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
W. N. Arnold
A working definition of the class of organisms collectively known as "yeasts" is not
easily postulated. They are unicellular, eukaryotic microorganisms that typically
reproduce by budding. So much is true for the majority of yeasts but one soon runs into
exceptions; there are species with a propensity for mycelium formation, others with a
fission type of cell division, and still another genus that bears conidia on sterigmata. As
discussed by Ladder' (Table 1) the term "yeasts" developed historically and really
includes a heterogeneous group of microorganisms. Phaff et al. ,Z have reviewed the
etymology of "yeast", and equivalent terms in other languages, and point out the
consistent relationship to fermentation. However, they also conclude that the name
embraces a heterogeneous collection of fungi.
The number of defined yeast species is now somewhat in excess of 500. In addition
there are a number of fungi with "yeast-like" cells as part of their cell cycle. At the other
extreme some biochemists incorrectly use the term yeast as synonymous with
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. One of the themes that will emerge in the following chapters
is that a rich variety of additional species awaits further biological investigation and that
in some circumstances the more exotic species may offer advantages for experimental
study.
This book is devoted to the yeast cell envelope. The accumulated primary literature
on various aspects of this subject now merits this degree of specialization. More general
references on yeast include volumes edited by Cook,3 and by Rose and Harrison.4 The
text by Phaff et al., 2 includes an introduction to yeast biology.
The cell envelope consists of the plasma membrane, the periplasmic space, cell wall,
and (for some species) a slime layer. A schematic representation is given in Figure 1,
primarily to establish relative location of components rather than actual dimensions.
The cell envelope is thus bounded on the inside by cytoplasm, and on the outside by the
medium.
The definitions that follow were developed with the assistance of contributors and
other colleagues and have been applied consistently. In the majority of cases I have
chosen not to belabor synonymy. Also, inappropriate terms or incorrect applications of
terms in current usage have been avoided. One outstanding example of the latter from
the older literature is the generic term "membrane" which was sometimes used to
describe any membrane of the protoplasm (including the plasma membrane), the cell
wall, or even the cell envelope. In the current setting this is, of course, intolerably
confusing.
The plasma membrane is the boundary of the cell protoplasm and is microscopically
discernible as a bilayer. The plasma membrane is the primary site for solute regulation
between the cytoplasm and the medium. Plasma membrane, plasmalemma, ectoplast,
protoplasmic membrane, and cytoplasmic membrane are used synonymously in the
literature. Semantic arguments against the last two terms have been registered; plasma
membrane is in vogue although plasmalemma is frequently encountered. Ectoplast is
valid but has not been popularly embraced.
Cytoplasm plus plasma membrane is defined as protoplasm. The protoplasm of a cell
gives rise to a protoplast, i.e., an unnaturally produced entity derived from a cell by
denuding the cell of cell wall (and slime layer).