Xenobiotics in the Soil Environment: Monitoring, Toxicity and Management PDF
Preview Xenobiotics in the Soil Environment: Monitoring, Toxicity and Management
Soil Biology Muhammad Zaff ar Hashmi Vivek Kumar Ajit Varma Editors Xenobiotics in the Soil Environment Monitoring, Toxicity and Management Soil Biology Volume 49 Series Editor AjitVarma,AmityInstituteofMicrobialTechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, UP, India Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/5138 Muhammad Zaffar Hashmi (cid:129) Vivek Kumar (cid:129) Ajit Varma Editors Xenobiotics in the Soil Environment Monitoring, Toxicity and Management Editors MuhammadZaffarHashmi VivekKumar DepartmentofMeteorology AmityInstituteofMicrobialTechnology COMSATSInstituteofInformation AmityUniversityUttarPradesh Technology Noida,India Islamabad,Pakistan AjitVarma AmityInstituteofMicrobialTechnology AmityUniversityUttarPradesh Noida,India ISSN1613-3382 ISSN2196-4831 (electronic) SoilBiology ISBN978-3-319-47743-5 ISBN978-3-319-47744-2 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-47744-2 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017931979 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinor for anyerrors oromissionsthat may havebeenmade. Thepublisher remainsneutralwith regardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Foreword Release of industrial and agricultural chemicals has resulted in widespread envi- ronmentalpollution.Theorganicandinorganiccompoundsarereleasedduringthe production, storage, transport, and use of these chemicals into the environment everyyear,asaresultofvariousanthropogenicactivities.Whileafewofthemare naturally occurring but released in large quantities as a result of developmental activities,majorityareforeignchemicalsubstancesthatarenotnaturallyproduced in the biological milieu and have been given the name “xenobiotic” compounds. Xenobiotic compounds are mostly produced and released by (1) chemical and pharmaceutical industries producing a wide array of xenobiotics and synthetic polymers, (2) pulp and paper bleaching industry releasing natural and man-made halogenated aromatic compounds, (3) mining activities releasing heavy metals, (4) fossil fuels released through accidental spills, and (5) intensive agriculture releasing huge quantities of fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides. The release of xenobiotic compounds has adversely affected the various components of the eco- systemincludingair,water,andsoilandtheecosystemservicestheyprovide.This has resulted in a great concern to the inhabitants of this planet and prodded the global scientific community to develop ways and means of tackling this menace whichimpactstheecosystemthroughbothpointandnonpointsources. Mercifully,awindowofopportunityexistedwiththeearliestinhabitantsofthis planet, the microorganisms, who had the repertoire of biochemical catalysts to decontaminatethesexenobiotics.Thelargediversityofmetabolicpotentialandthe highgeneticplasticityofmicroorganismsallowthemtodegradealmostallorganic compounds of natural or anthropogenic (xenobiotics) origin and sequester or transform some of the heavy metals including those that are sources of environ- mental pollution. Thus, microorganisms are the major actors to eliminate or alle- viate pollutions in the environment through the process of bioremediation. Such processescanbeinsituinvolvingcleanupofacontaminatedsitethroughin-place treatmentorexsituimplementingtreatmentofsoilorwaterthatisremovedfroma contaminated site. Thenaturalattenuationprocessesduetomicrobialactivitiesas well as the possibilities of using microorganisms inthe preventive treatments and v vi Foreword bioremediation including biostimulation, bioaugmentation, rhizostimulation, bioleaching, and bioimmobilization are now being exploited albeit on a limited spatialscale.Themainmethodsformicrobialtreatmentofxenobiotics,thechem- icalstructureandtheoriginofthemajorcontaminants,aswellasthemechanisms ofdegradationbymicroorganismsonthebasisofphysiological,biochemical,and geneticapproachesnowformthenewvistasofmicrobiology. Thisbook,acollectionof24scholarlypresentationsonxenobiotics,coveringa wide range of topics from characterization of xenobiotic compounds to their environmental fate, is a worthy collection of knowledge on the discipline. I am sure this will act as a ready reckoner of information on xenobiotics and their biodegradation to the researchers and students alike. It should also enthuse the younginnovatorstodeveloptechnologiestoimplementtheprinciplesofxenobiotic handlingonalargescaleformaintainingthepristineconditionoftheEarth. SouthAsiaNitrogenCentre T.K.Adhya NewDelhi,India SchoolofBiotechnology KIITUniversity Bhubaneswar,Odisha India Preface Theexpression“xenobiotic”isderivedfromtheGreekwordforxeno(foreign)and biotics(oforrelatedtolife).Xenobioticsarethecompoundsthatareunimportantto an organism or in other words are not a part of its usual nutrition. The common examples of xenobiotics are the combinations that include drugs, food additives, synthetic chemicals, and environmental pollutants. These chemical agents are generallyexcludedfromthebodyaftermetabolismtocompoundsthatareexcreted through the bile, kidney, lung, or dermis. Microbial enzymes that metabolize xenobioticsareveryimportantforthepharmaceuticalindustryastheyarerespon- sibleforthebreakdownofdrugs.Similarly,xenobiotictransportersalsoaffectthe durationthatdrugsarepresentinthebody. Man’suseofxenobioticsdatesfromancienttimes,butawarenessaboutforeign compound metabolism dates from only the mid-nineteenth century when the understanding,methods,andtechniquesoforganicchemistrywerefirstappliedto itsstudy.Fornearlyacenturythereafter,biotransformationwasgenerallyequated with“detoxification”ortheeliminationofacompound’sbiologicalactivity. Bioremediationcanbedefinedasanyprocessthatusesmicroorganismsortheir enzymestoreturntheenvironmentalteredbycontaminantstoitsoriginalcondition. Itcanalsobedescribedas“atreatabilitytechnologythatusesbiologicalactivityto reduce or lessen the concentration or toxicity of a pollutant. The process of bioremediation involves detoxification and mineralization, where toxic waste is converted into inorganic compounds such as carbon dioxide, water, and methane. When xenobiotic compounds are persistent in the environment, their biodegrada- tion often proceeds through manifold steps utilizing diverse enzyme systems or dissimilarmicrobialpopulations. Microbial biodegradationofxenobioticsisoneofthesignificantandimportant ways to remove or detoxify the environmentally harmful compounds. The role of potential microorganisms to metabolize the xenobiotic compounds has been rec- ognizedasaneffectivemeansoftoxicandhazardouswasteremoval.Contaminated wastewater,groundorsurfacewaters,soils,sediments,andairwheretherehasbeen vii viii Preface eitheraccidentalorintentionalreleaseofpollutantsorchemicalsarethesiteswhere bioremediationisemployed. Cleaningupthecontaminationanddealingrationallywithwastesis,ofcourse, in everybody’s best interests. Considering the number of problems in the field of xenobiotics, the role of prospective microorganisms for environmental cleanup is highlightedinthiswork. Twenty-fourrelevantarticles arechosentoillustrate theproblemwithsolution of the main areas of xenobiotics such as types and mode of action, atmospheric pollutants of Himalayan region, HCH and DDT residues in Indian soil, antibiotic resistance genes in soil, biomonitoring of humans, earthworms in biomonitoring, metagenomic strategies, techniques for quantification of soil-bound xenobiotic compounds, xenobiotics in food chain, biophasic dose–response phenomenon, agrochemicals and soil microbes, soil microbial and enzymatic diversity, in situ remediationassessment,transgenicapproaches,bioavailabilityofxenobiotics,bio- degradation, and many more. The distinct role of microbes in remediation of xenobiotics in future is emphasized considering the opportunities to contribute new approaches and directions in remediation of a contaminated environment, minimizingwastereleases,anddevelopingpollutionpreventionalternativesusing the end-of-pipe technology. To take advantage of these opportunities, new strate- gies are also analyzed and produced. These methods would improve the under- standing of existing biological processes in order to increase their efficiency, productivity,flexibility,andrepeatability. An enormous amount of natural and xenobiotic compounds are added to the environment every day. By exploring and employing the untapped potential of microbes and their products, there are possibilities of not only removing toxic compoundsfromtheenvironmentbutalsotheconversionandproductionofuseful end products. Basic methodologies and processes are highlighted in this book whichwillhelpinsatisfyingtheexpectationsofdifferentlevelofusers/readers. This book has been designed to serve as a comprehensive as well as a wide- ranging reference book. The authors thank all those who have contributed signif- icantly in understanding the different aspects of the book and submitted their reviews and at the same time hope that it will prove of equally high value to advancedundergraduate,graduatestudents,researchscholars,scientists,academi- cians,anddesignersofwater,wastewater,andreclaimedsoil.Itistrustedthatthe enthusiasm and noteworthy opportunities presented in this work about our recent understandingofthechallengesandrelationshipsthatbringsaboutlearningxeno- biotic compounds and microbial synergistic approach will inspire readers to push thefieldforwardtonewfrontiers. Islamabad, Pakistan MuhammadZaffarHashmi Noida,India VivekKumar Noida,India AjitVarma Contents 1 Xenobiotics,Types,andModeofAction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 AbdulQadir,MuhammadZaffarHashmi,andAdeelMahmood 2 AtmosphericPollutantsandItsTransportMechanismsinSoil AlongtheHimalayas,TibetanPlateau,andItsSurroundings: ABriefNote. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 DambaruBallabKattel,KalimUllah,MuhammadZaffarHashmi, LekhendraTripathee,AshutoshMohanty,andTandongYao 3 HCHandDDTResiduesinIndianSoil:AtmosphericInput andRiskAssessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 ParomitaChakraborty,SanjenbamNirmalaKhuman, BhupandarKumar,andBommannaLoganathan 4 AntibioticsandAntibioticResistanceGenes(ARGs)inSoil: Occurrence,Fate,andEffects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 MuhammadZaffarHashmi,AdeelMahmood,DambaruBallabKattel, SohaibKhan,AhmadHasnain,andZulkiflAhmed 5 HumanBeingasBiomonitorofSoilXenobiotics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 AtifKamalandRiffatNaseemMalik 6 UseofEarthwormsinBiomonitoringofSoilXenobiotics. . . . . . . . 73 MuhammadDawood,AbdulWahid,MuhammadZaffarHashmi, SidraMukhtar,andZaffarMalik 7 EmergingMetagenomicStrategiesforAssessingXenobiotic ContaminatedSites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 SrujanaKathi ix
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