World War II and Its Aftermath World War II and Its Aftermath

36 Pages·2010·7.89 MB·English

UUNNIITT
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Chapter 16
World War Looms
1931–1941
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Chapter 17
The United States
in World War II
1941–1945
Chapter 18
Cold War Conflicts
1945–1960
Chapter 19
The Postwar Boom
1946–1960
UNIT
PROJECT
Debate
As you read Unit 5, pay attention
to arguments on either side of a
political issue. Work with a group
to stage a debate. Write a
proposition, such as “Resolved:
The U.S. has a responsibility to
end its isolationism and enter
World War II.” Choose teams to
argue either for or against the
resolution.
Dawn Patrol Launching by Paul Sample
524
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Essential Question
How did the rise of dictators
contribute to the outbreak of World
War II?
What You Will Learn
In this chapter you will learn about
the events that led to the outbreak of
World War II.
SECTION 1: Dictators Threaten World
Peace
The rise of rulers with total
power in Europe and Asia led to World
War II.
SECTION 2: War in Europe
Using the sudden mass
attack called blitzkrieg, Germany
invaded and quickly conquered many
European countries.
SECTION 3: The Holocaust
During the Holocaust, the
Nazis systematically executed 6
million Jews and 5 million other “non-
Aryans.”
SECTION 4: America Moves Toward
War
In response to the fighting
in Europe, the United States provided
economic and military aid to help the
Allies achieve victory.
Flanked by storm troopers, Adolf Hitler arrives
at a Nazi rally in September 1934.
1936 Jesse Owens wins
four gold medals at Olympics
S1t9a3t1e BTuhield Einmgp ire 1932 Franklin 1933 in Berlin, Germany.
opens in New Delano Roosevelt is Prohibition
York City. elected president. ends. 1936 Roosevelt
is reelected.
USA 11993311 11993333 11993355
WORLD
1931 Japan con- 1933 Adolf Hitler is 1934 Stalin begins 1936 Ethiopia’s Haile Selassie
quers Manchuria, appointed German great purge in USSR. asks League of Nations for
in northern China. chancellor and sets up help against Italian invasion.
Dachau concentration 1934 Chinese
camp. communists flee in 1936 General Francisco Franco
the Long March. leads a fascist rebellion in Spain.
526 CHAPTER 16
Adolf Hitler
II NN TT EE RR AA CC TT
WW II TT HH HH II SS TT OO RR YY
II NN TT EE RR AA CC TT
WW II TT HH HH II SS TT OO RR YY
In the summer of 1939, President Franklin
Roosevelt addresses an anxious nation in
response to atrocities in Europe committed
by Hitler’s Nazi Germany. Roosevelt declares
in his broadcast that the United States “will
remain a neutral nation.” He acknowledges,
however, that he “cannot ask that every
American remain neutral in thought.”
Explore the Issues
• How might involvement in a large scale
war influence the United States?
• How can neutral countries participate in
the affairs of warring countries?
1937 Amelia
Earhart
mysteriously 1938 Orson Welles
disappears broadcasts The War 1940 Roosevelt 1941 United
attempting solo of the Worlds, a fic- is elected to a States enters
round-the-world tional alien invasion. third term. World War II.
flight.
11993377 11993399 11994411
1938 1939 Germany 1941 Japan
Kristallnacht— invades bombs Pearl
Nazis riot, Poland. Britain Harbor.
destroying Jewish and France
neighborhoods. declare war.
World War Looms 527
S E CTIO
111111N
Dictators Threaten
World Peace
The rise of rulers with total Dictators of the 1930s and •Joseph Stalin •Adolf Hitler
power in Europe and Asia led 1940s changed the course of •totalitarian •Nazism
to World War ll. history, making world leaders •Benito Mussolini •Francisco Franco
•fascism •Neutrality Acts
especially watchful for the
actions of dictators today.
One American's Story
Martha Gellhorn arrived in Madrid in 1937 to cover the
TAKING NOTES brutal civil war that had broken out in Spain the year
Use the graphic before. Hired as a special correspondent for Collier’s Weekly,
organizer online to
she had come with very little money and no special protec-
take notes on the
ambitions of the tion. On assignment there, she met the writer Ernest
dictators of the Hemingway, whom she later married. To Gellhorn, a young
1930s. American writer, the Spanish Civil War was a deadly strug-
gle between tyranny and democracy. For the people of
Madrid, it was also a daily struggle for survival.
A PERSONAL VOICE MARTHA GELLHORN
“ You would be walking down a street, hearing only the city
noises of streetcars and automobiles and people calling to
one another, and suddenly, crushing it all out, would be the
▼
huge stony deep booming of a falling shell, at the corner. There was no place to
Martha Gellhorn,
run, because how did you know that the next shell would not be behind you, or
one of the first
ahead, or to the left or right?”
women war
—The Face of War correspondents,
began her career
Less than two decades after the end of World War I—“the war to end all during the
wars”—fighting erupted again in Europe and in Asia. As Americans read about dis- Spanish Civil War.
tant battles, they hoped the conflicts would remain on the other side of the world.
Nationalism Grips Europe and Asia
The seeds of new conflicts had been sown in World War I. For many nations,
peace had brought not prosperity but revolution fueled by economic depression
and struggle. The postwar years also brought the rise of powerful dictators driven
by the belief in nationalism—loyalty to one’s country above all else—and dreams
of territorial expansion.
528 CHAPTER 16
▼ Germany was expected to pay off huge
debts while dealing with widespread
poverty. By 1923, an inflating economy
made a five-million German mark worth
less than a penny. Here children build
blocks with stacks of useless German
marks.
FAILURES OF THE WORLD WAR I PEACE SETTLEMENT Instead of securing
a “just and secure peace,” the Treaty of Versailles caused anger and resentment.
Germans saw nothing fair in a treaty that blamed them for starting the war. Nor
did they find security in a settlement that stripped them of their overseas colonies
and border territories. These problems overwhelmed the Weimar Republic, the
democratic government set up in Germany after World War I. Similarly, the
Soviets resented the carving up of parts of Russia. (See map, Chapter 11, p. 400.)
The peace settlement had not fulfilled President Wilson’s hope of a world
“safe for democracy.” New democratic governments that emerged in Europe after
the war floundered. Without a democratic tradition, people turned to authoritar-
Identifying
ian leaders to solve their economic and social problems. The new democracies
Problems
A Why did the collapsed, and dictators were able to seize power. Some had great ambitions. A
new democracies
JOSEPH STALIN TRANSFORMS THE SOVIET UNION In Russia, hopes for
set up after World
War I fail? democracy gave way to civil war, resulting in the establishment of a communist
state, officially called the Soviet Union, in 1922. After V. I. Lenin died in 1924,
Joseph Stalin, whose last name means “man of steel,” took control of the coun-
try. Stalin focused on creating a model communist state. In so doing, he made
both agricultural and industrial growth the prime economic goals of the Soviet
Union. Stalin abolished all privately owned farms and replaced them with collec-
tives—large government-owned farms, each worked by hundreds of families.
Stalin moved to transform the Soviet Union from a backward rural nation into
a great industrial power. In 1928, the Soviet dictator outlined the first of several
“five-year plans,” to direct the industrialization. All economic activity was placed
under state management. By 1937, the Soviet Union had become the world’s sec-
ond-largest industrial power, surpassed in overall production only by the United
States. The human costs of this transformation, however, were enormous.
In his drive to purge, or eliminate, anyone who threatened his power, Stalin
did not spare even his most faithful supporters. While the final toll will never be
known, historians estimate that Stalin was responsible for the deaths of 8 million
to 13 million people. Millions more died in famines caused by the restructuring
Summarizing
of Soviet society.
B What are the
By 1939, Stalin had firmly established a totalitarian government that tried
characteristics of
a totalitarian to exert complete control over its citizens. In a totalitarian state, individuals have
state? no rights, and the government suppresses all opposition. B
World War Looms 529
N
The Rise of Nationalism, 1922–1941 W E
S
75°N
Joseph Stalin grabs control of the Fascist dictatorship
0° 45°E Soviet Union in 1924 and squelches 165°E
Communist dictatorship
all opposition after V. I. Lenin, founder
of the communist regime, dies. Imperialist military regime
Adolf Hitler offers economic stability
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to unemployed Germans during the 0 750 1,500 miles
ATLANTIC MaGprQeaut eDsetp.Creossmio,n I nancd. becomes
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chancellor in 1933.
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TGhReE ARTise of Nationalism Locator
BRITAIN Berlin
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Mask Area (per page):8p wide x 4p deep
Paris Benito Mussolini rises to power
45°N FRANCE2nd proof date: 1/15in/0 11922 and attempts to restore CHINA
ITALY
Italy to its former position as a
SPAIN
Rome world power.
Madrid Mediterranean Sea TJoAkPyAoN
Francisco Franco leads the Hideki Tojo, the force behind Japanese
rebel Nationalist army to victory strategy, becomes Japan’s prime PACIFIC
in Spain and gains complete minister in 1941. Emperor Hirohito OCEAN
control of the country in 1939. becomes a powerless figurehead. Tropic of Cancer
GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER
1. R egion In which countries did authoritarian leaders come to power?
Who were the leaders?
2. L ocation What geographic features might have led Japan to expand?
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THE RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY While Stalin was consolidating his power in
BookR/Unit 5/Chapter 16 - arpe-0516s1-04-e
the Soviet Union, Benito Mussolini was establishing a totalitarian regime in The Rise of Nationalism
Italy, where unemployment and inflation produced biVttietar ls Itnrfiokerms, astoiomne A croema (mpeur- page): 51p9 wide X 29p9 deep
nist-led. Alarmed by these threats, the middle and upper classMesa sdke Amraena d(peder page):53p9 wide x 31p9 deep
stronger leadership. Mussolini took advantage of this situation. A powerful speak- 3rd proof date: 5/11/01
er, Mussolini knew how to appeal to Italy’s wounded national pride. He played on
the fears of economic collapse and communism. In this way, he won the support
of many discontented Italians.
By 1921, Mussolini had established the Fascist
“ Italy wants peace,
Party. Fascism (fBshPGzQEm) stressed nationalism and
work, and calm.
placed the interests of the state above those of individ-
I will give these
uals. To strengthen the nation, Fascists argued, power
things with love if must rest with a single strong leader and a small group
possible, with force of devoted party members. (The Latin fasces—a bundle
if necessary.” of rods tied around an ax handle—had been a symbol of
unity and authority in ancient Rome.)
BENITO MUSSOLINI
In October 1922, Mussolini marched on Rome with
thousands of his followers, whose black uniforms gave them the name “Black
Shirts.” When important government officials, the army, and the police sided
with the Fascists, the Italian king appointed Mussolini head of the government.
Calling himself Il Duce, or “the leader,” Mussolini gradually extended Fascist Analyzing
Causes
control to every aspect of Italian life. Tourists marveled that Il Duce had even
C What factors
“made the trains run on time.” Mussolini achieved this efficiency, however, by
led to the rise of
crushing all opposition and by making Italy a totalitarian state. C Fascism in Italy?
530 CHAPTER 16
N
W E The Faces of Totalitarianism
S Fascist Italy Nazi Germany Communist Soviet Union
75°N
Fascist dictatorship
0° 45°E
Communist dictatorship
Imperialist military regime
Arctic Circle
0 750 1,500 miles
ATLANTIC
OCEAN S O V I E T U N I O N 0 750 1,500 kilometers
60°N
Moscow
GREAT
BRITAIN Berlin
London GERMANY
Paris
45°N FRANCE CHINA
ITALY
• Extreme nationalism • Extreme nationalism and racism • Create a sound communist state
SPAIN
Rome • Militaristic expansionism • Militaristic expansionism and wait for world revolution
Madrid Mediterranean Sea TJoAkPyAoN •• C Prhivaaritsem partoicp elertayd werith strong •• F Porirvcaetfeu lp lreoapdeerrty with strong •• REveevnotluutaiol nru bley bwyo wrkoerrksing class
government controls government controls • State ownership of property
• Anticommunist • Anticommunist
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Tropic of Cancer
▼
THE NAZIS TAKE OVER GERMANY In Germany, Adolf Hitler had followed Left to right:
a path to power similar to Mussolini’s. At the end of World War I, Hitler had been Benito Mussolini,
Adolf Hitler,
a jobless soldier drifting around Germany. In 1919, he joined a struggling group
Joseph Stalin
called the National Socialist German Workers’ Party, better known as the Nazi
Party. Despite its name, this party had no ties to socialism.
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Hitler proved to be such a powerful public speaker and organizer that he
McDougal-Littell, The Americas Program quickly became the party’s leader. Calling himself Der Führer—“the Leader”—he
BookR/Unit 5/Chapter 16 - arpe-0516s1-04-e promised to bring Germany out of chaos.
The Rise of Nationalism In his book Mein Kampf [My Struggle], Hitler set forth the basic beliefs of
Vital Information Area (per page): 51p9 wide X 29p9 deep Nazism that became the plan of action for the Nazi Party. Nazism (nätPsGzQEm),
Mask Area (per page):53p9 wide x 31p9 deep
the German brand of fascism, was based on extreme nationalism. Hitler, who had
3rd proof date: 5/11/01
been born in Austria, dreamed of uniting all German-speaking people in a great
German empire.
Hitler also wanted to enforce racial “purification” at home. In his view,
Germans—especially blue-eyed, blond-haired “Aryans”—formed a “master race”
that was destined to rule the world. “Inferior races,” such as Jews, Slavs, and all
nonwhites, were deemed fit only to serve the Aryans.
A third element of Nazism was national expansion. Hitler believed that for
Germany to thrive, it needed more lebensraum, or living space. One of the Nazis’
Summarizing aims, as Hitler wrote in Mein Kampf, was “to secure for the German people the
D What were the land and soil to which they are entitled on this earth,” even if this could be
key ideas and accomplished only by “the might of a victorious sword.” D
goals that Hitler
The Great Depression helped the Nazis come to power. Because of war debts
presented in Mein
Kampf? and dependence on American loans and investments, Germany’s economy was
hit hard. By 1932, some 6 million Germans were unemployed. Many men who
Background
were out of work joined Hitler’s private army, the storm troopers (or Brown Shirts).
According to Hitler
there were three The German people were desperate and turned to Hitler as their last hope.
German empires: By mid 1932, the Nazis had become the strongest political party in Germany.
the Holy Roman
In January 1933, Hitler was appointed chancellor (prime minister). Once in power,
Empire; The
Hitler quickly dismantled Germany’s democratic Weimar Republic. In its place he
German Empire of
1871–1918; and established the Third Reich, or Third German Empire. According to Hitler, the Third
The Third Reich. Reich would be a “Thousand-Year Reich”—it would last for a thousand years.
World War Looms 531
Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931 Italy Invades Ethiopia, 1935–1936
SOVIET UNION ITALY
Japan took control Rome
of the southern half
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in 1905. Mediterranean Sea
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Book R/Unit 5/Chapter 16 - arpe-0516s1-1M9A-NeCHURIA Book R/Unit 5/Chapter 16 - arpe-0516s1-18-e
AggMreOsNsGiOvLeIA Acts LOCA(PrTovOinRce of China) Aggressive Acts LOCATOR
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Mask Area (per page): 8p wide x 4p deepMukden Mask Area (per page): 8p wide x 4p deep
3rd proof date: 5/02/01 Sea of JAPAN Red 3rd proof date: 5/02/01
Japan Sea
(East Sea) 15°N
KOREA ETHIOPIA
CHINA
Addis Ababa
Yellow Tokyo
Sea
In 1910, Korea
was annexed by
0° Equator 0°
Japan. INDIAN
East China
OCEAN
Sea
N
N
W E Tropic of Cancer
15°S W E
S
PACIFIC 0 200 400 miles S
0 400 800 miles
OCEAN 0 200 400 kilometers
Tropic of Capricorn
135°E 0 400 800 kilometers
GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER
1. L ocation What countries were aggressors
during this period?
2. M ovement Notice the size and location of
Italy and of Japan with respect to the country MapQuest.Com, Inc.
each invaded. What similarities do you see?
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Italy Invades Ethiopia
MILBIToAoRk IRS/TUSn itG 5A/CINha pCtOerN 1T6R -O aLrp IeN-0 5J1A6PsA1-N1 5-Healfway around the world, nation-
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Vital Information Area (per page): 22p wide X 28p deep
Japan. These leaders shared in common with Hitler a belief in the need for more 3rd proof date: 5/02/01
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living space for a growing population. Ignoring the protests of more moderate
3rd proof date: 5/02/01
Japanese officials, the militarists launched a surprise attack and seized control of
the Chinese province of Manchuria in 1931. Within several months, Japanese
troops controlled the entire province, a large region about twice the size of Texas, Analyzing
Motives
that was rich in natural resources. E
E Why did Japan
The watchful League of Nations had been established after World War I to pre- invade Manchuria?
vent just such aggressive acts. In this greatest test of the League’s power, represen-
tatives were sent to Manchuria to investigate the situation. Their report condemned
Background
Japan, who in turn simply quit the League. Meanwhile, the success of the
Military
Manchurian invasion put the militarists firmly in control of Japan’s government. government had
centuries-old roots
AGGRESSION IN EUROPE AND AFRICA The failure of the League of Nations
in Japan. The
to take action against Japan did not escape the notice of Europe’s dictators. In shogun lords of
1933, Hitler pulled Germany out of the League. In 1935, he began a military the Middle Ages
had been military
buildup in violation of the Treaty of Versailles. A year later, he sent troops into
leaders.
the Rhineland, a German region bordering France and Belgium that was demili-
tarized as a result of the Treaty of Versailles. The League did nothing to stop Hitler.
532 CHAPTER 16
Meanwhile, Mussolini began building his new Roman
Empire. His first target was Ethiopia, one of Africa’s few HHIISSTTOORRIICCAALL
remaining independent countries. By the fall of 1935, tens
of thousands of Italian soldiers stood ready to advance on SSPPOOTTLLIIGGHHTT
Ethiopia. The League of Nations reacted with brave talk of
ITALY “collective resistance to all acts of unprovoked aggression.”
When the invasion began, however, the League’s
Rome
response was an ineffective economic boycott—little more
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than a slap on Italy’s wrist. By May 1936, Ethiopia had fall-
Mediterranean Sea
McDougal-Littell, The Americas Program en. In desperation, Haile Selassie, the ousted Ethiopian
Book R/Unit 5/Chapter 16 - arpe-0516s1-18-e emperor, appealed to the League for assistance. Nothing
Aggressive Acts LOCATOR was done. “It is us today,” he told them. “It will be you
Vital Information Area (per page): 8p wide X 4p deep
tomorrow.”
Mask Area (per page): 8p wide x 4p deep
Red 3rd proof date: 5/02/01 CIVIL WAR BREAKS OUT IN SPAIN In 1936, a group of
Sea
15°N Spanish army officers led by General Francisco Franco, AFRICAN AMERICANS STAND
BY ETHIOPIANS
ETHIOPIA rebelled against the Spanish republic. Revolts broke out all
When Mussolini invaded Ethiopia,
Addis Ababa over Spain, and the Spanish Civil War began. The war
many Europeans and Americans—
aroused passions not only in Spain but throughout the
especially African Americans—
0° Equator 0° world. About 3,000 Americans formed the Abraham were outraged. Almost overnight,
INDIAN Lincoln Battalion and traveled to Spain to fight against African Americans organized
OCEAN Franco. “We knew, we just knew,” recalled Martha to raise money for medical sup-
plies, and a few went to fight in
Gellhorn, “that Spain was the place to stop fascism.”
N Ethiopia. Years later, the Ethiopian
Among the volunteers were African Americans still bitter
emperor Haile Selassie (shown
15°S W E about Mussolini’s invasion of Ethiopia the year before. above) said of these efforts,
S Such limited aid was not sufficient to stop the spread of
0 400 800 miles “ We can never forget the help
Tropic of Capricorn fascism, however. The Western democracies remained neu- Ethiopia received from Negro
0 400 800 kilometers
tral. Although the Soviet Union sent equipment and advis- Americans during the terrible
ers, Hitler and Mussolini backed Franco’s forces with troops, crisis. . . . It moved me to
know that Americans of African
weapons, tanks, and fighter planes. The war forged a close
descent did not abandon their
relationship between the German and Italian dictators, who
embattled brothers, but stood
signed a formal alliance known as the Rome-Berlin Axis. by us.”
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After a loss of almost 500,000 lives, Franco’s victory in 1939
established him as Spain’s fascist dictator. Once again a
McDougal-Littell, The Americas Program Summarizing
Book R/Unit 5/Chapter 16 - arpe-0516s1-14-e F What foreign totalitarian government ruled in Europe. F
Italy Invades Ethiopia countries were
Vital Information Area (per page): 22p wide X 28p deep involved in the ▼ A French journalist
Mask Area (per page): 24p wide x 30p deep Spanish Civil War?
escapes from Spain to
3rd proof date: 5/02/01
France with a child he
rescued from a street
battle. Fighting would
soon engulf not only
France but the rest of
Europe and parts of
Asia.
World War Looms 533