World Oceans: A Reference Handbook PDF
Preview World Oceans: A Reference Handbook
World Oceans Recent Titles in the CONTEMPORARY WORLD ISSUES Series Vegetarianism and Veganism: A Reference Handbook David E. Newton The American Congress: A Reference Handbook Sara L. Hagedorn and Michael C. LeMay Disability: A Reference Handbook Michael Rembis Gender Inequality: A Reference Handbook David E. Newton Media, Journalism, and “Fake News”: A Reference Handbook Amy M. Damico Birth Control: A Reference Handbook David E. Newton Bullying: A Reference Handbook Jessie Klein Domestic Violence and Abuse: A Reference Handbook Laura L. Finley Torture and Enhanced Interrogation: A Reference Handbook Christina Ann-Marie DiEdoardo Racism in America: A Reference Handbook Steven L. Foy Waste Management: A Reference Handbook David E. Newton Sexual Harassment: A Reference Handbook Merril D. Smith The Climate Change Debate: A Reference Handbook David E. Newton Voting Rights in America: A Reference Handbook Richard A. Glenn and Kyle L. Kreider Modern Slavery: A Reference Handbook Christina G. Villegas Race and Sports: A Reference Handbook Rachel Laws Myers Books in the Contemporary World Issues series address vital issues in today’s society such as genetic engineering, pollu- tion, and biodiversity. Written by professional writers, schol- ars, and nonacademic experts, these books are authoritative, clearly written, up-to-date, and objective. They provide a good starting point for research by high school and college students, scholars, and general readers as well as by legislators, business- people, activists, and others. Each book, carefully organized and easy to use, contains an overview of the subject, a detailed chronology, biographical sketches, facts and data and/or documents and other primary source material, a forum of authoritative perspective essays, annotated lists of print and nonprint resources, and an index. Readers of books in the Contemporary World Issues series will find the information they need in order to have a better understanding of the social, political, environmental, and eco- nomic issues facing the world today. CONTEMPORARY WORLD ISSUES World Oceans A REFERENCE HANDBOOK David E. Newton Copyright © 2021 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Newton, David E., author. Title: World oceans : a reference handbook / David E. Newton. Description: Santa Barbara, California : ABC-CLIO, [2021] | Series: Contemporary world issues | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020027765 (print) | LCCN 2020027766 (ebook) | ISBN 9781440875434 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781440875441 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Ocean. | Oceanography. Classification: LCC GC11.2 .W49 2021 (print) | LCC GC11.2 (ebook) | DDC 551.46—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020027765 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020027766 ISBN: 978-1-4408-7543-4 (print) 978-1-4408-7544-1 (ebook) 25 24 23 22 21 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available as an eBook. ABC-CLIO An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC ABC-CLIO, LLC 147 Castilian Drive Santa Barbara, California 93117 www.abc-clio.com This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America Contents Preface, xiii 1 History and Background, 3 Origin and Evolution of the Oceans, 4 Today’s Oceans, 7 Ocean Currents, 7 Ocean Features, 9 Ocean Chemistry, 15 Who Owns the Oceans?, 21 Ocean Exploration, 26 The Voyages, 26 The Ocean Floor, 30 The Equipment, 34 Origin and Evolution of the Cryosphere, 36 Huronian Glaciation, 37 Snowball Earth, 37 Andean-Saharan, 38 Late Paleozoic, 38 Quaternary, 38 vii viii Contents Marine Life, 39 Coastal Habitats, 40 The Open Ocean, 41 Conclusion, 43 References, 44 2 ProBlems, controversies, and solutions, 59 Climate Change, 59 Rise in Sea Level, 61 Changes in Ocean Chemistry, 64 Fishing Issues, 69 Overfishing, 69 Bycatch, 70 Illegal Fishing, 72 Pollution, 74 Plastics and Microplastics, 76 Oil Spills and Leaks, 78 Dredging and Shipping, 79 Chemical Pollutants, 83 Agricultural Runoff and Urban Sewage, 86 Aquaculture, 89 Coral Reef Die-Off, 93 Deep-Sea Mining, 97 Noise, 99 Invasive Species, 103 Crime on the Seas, 105 Contents ix Conclusion, 110 References, 110 3 PersPectives, 139 Introduction, 139 Plenty of Fish in the Sea? 139 Megan Atcheson Coral Reef Bleaching: Is There Hope? 142 Cherilyn Chin Loggerhead Sea Turtles of Anna Maria Island, 146 ChrisAnn Silver Esformes Small Island Nations at Risk, 149 Bruce E. Johansen An International Solution, 153 Susan Lewis One Fish, Two Fish, Free Fish, Farm Fish, 157 Ellen Rubin Reef Grief, 160 Anjali A. Sarkar Resiliency, 164 Joy Ward 4 Profiles, 169 Sylvia Earle (1935–), 169 Greenpeace, 172 Matthew Fontaine Maury (1806–73), 174 Charles J. Moore (dates unavailable), 177
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