Works of Frdric Bastiat

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Title: Index of the Project Gutenberg Works of Frédéric Bastiat

Author: Frédéric Bastiat

Editor: David Widger

Release Date: January 1, 2019 [EBook #58584]

Language: English

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*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INDEX OF THE PG WORKS OF BASTIAT ***

Produced by David Widger

INDEX OF THE PROJECT

GUTENBERG

WORKS OF

FRÉDÉRIC BASTIAT

Compiled by David Widger

CONTENTS

Click on the ## before each title to view a linked

table of contents for that volume.

Click on the title itself to open the original online file.

## ESSAYS ON POLITICAL ECONOMY

## WHAT IS FREE TRADE

## SOPHISMS OF THE PROTECTIONISTS

## ECONOMIC SOPHISMS

## THE LAW

## HARMONIES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY

## PROTECTION AND COMMUNISM

TABLES OF CONTENTS OF

VOLUMES

ESSAYS ON POLITICAL

ECONOMY

By M. Frederic Bastiat

Member of The Institute of France.

CONTENTS

CAPITAL AND INTEREST.

Introduction

Capital and Interest

The Sack of Corn

The House

The Plane

THAT WHICH IS SEEN, AND THAT WHICH IS NOT SEEN.

Introduction

The Broken Window

The Disbanding of Troops

Taxes

Theatres, Fine Arts

Public Works

The Intermediates

Restrictions

Machinery

Credit

Algeria

Frugality and Luxury

Work and Profit

Government

What Is Money?

The Law

WHAT IS FREE TRADE?

An Adaptation Of Frederick Bastiat's "Sophismes

Économiques."

DESIGNED FOR THE AMERICAN READER.

BY EMILE WALTER

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION.
vii

CHAPTER I. Plenty and Scarcity
11

CHAPTER II. Obstacles to Wealth and Causes of Wealth
16

CHAPTER III.Effort—Result
20

CHAPTER IV.Equalizing of the Facilities of Production
27

CHAPTER V. Our Productions are Overloaded with Internal Taxes 48

CHAPTER VI.Balance of Trade
55

CHAPTER VII.A Petition
72

CHAPTER VIII.Discriminating Duties
79

CHAPTER IX. A Wonderful Discovery
81

CHAPTER X. Reciprocity
86

CHAPTER XI. Absolute Prices
90

CHAPTER XII.Does Protection raise the Rate of Wages?
95

CHAPTER XIII.Theory and Practice
102

CHAPTER XIV.Conflict of Principles
110

CHAPTER XV.Reciprocity Again
115

CHAPTER XVI.Obstructed Rivers plead for the Prohibitionists
118

CHAPTER XVII.A Negative Railroad
120

CHAPTER XVIII.There are no Absolute Principles
122

CHAPTER XIX.National Independence
126

CHAPTER XX. Human Labor—National Labor
129

CHAPTER XXI.Raw Material
136

CHAPTER XXII.Metaphors
147

CHAPTER XXII.Conclusion
152

SOPHISMS OF THE
PROTECTIONISTS.

By M. Frederic Bastiat

CONTENTS

Part I. Sophisms of Protection—First Series.

Part II. Sophisms of Protection—Second Series.

Part III. Spoliation and Law.

Part IV. Capital and Interest.

ECONOMIC SOPHISMS

By Frederic Bastiat

CONTENTS

TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE.

ECONOMIC SOPHISMS. FIRST SERIES.

INTRODUCTION.

I. ABUNDANCE, SCARCITY.

II. OBSTACLE, CAUSE.

III. EFFORT, RESULT.

IV. TO EQUALIZE THE CONDITIONS OF PRODUCTION.

V. OUR PRODUCTS ARE BURDENED WITH TAXES.

VI. BALANCE OF TRADE.

VII. OF THE MANUFACTURERS

VIII. DIFFERENTIAL DUTIES.

IX. IMMENSE DISCOVERY.

X. RECIPROCITY.

XI. NOMINAL PRICES.

XII. DOES PROTECTION RAISE THE RATE OF WAGES?

XIII. THEORY, PRACTICE.

XIV. CONFLICT OF PRINCIPLES.

XV. RECIPROCITY AGAIN.

XVI. OBSTRUCTED NAVIGATION PLEADING FOR THE PROHIBITIONISTS.

XVII. A NEGATIVE RAILWAY.

XVIII. THERE ARE NO ABSOLUTE PRINCIPLES.

XIX. NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE.

XX. HUMAN LABOUR, NATIONAL LABOUR.

XXI. RAW MATERIALS.

XXII. METAPHORS.

CONCLUSION.

SECOND SERIES.

I. PHYSIOLOGY OF SPOLIATION.

II. TWO PRINCIPLES OF MORALITY.

III. THE TWO HATCHETS.

IV. LOWER COUNCIL OF LABOUR.

V. DEARNESS-CHEAPNESS.

VI. TO ARTISANS AND WORKMEN.

VII. A CHINESE STORY.

VIII. POST HOC, ERGO PROPTER HOC.

IX. THE PREMIUM THEFT.

X. THE TAXGATHERER.

XI. THE UTOPIAN FREE-TRADER.

XII. THE SALT-TAX, RATES OF POSTAGE, AND CUSTOMHOUSE DUTIES.

XIII. PROTECTION; OR, THE THREE CITY MAGISTRATES. Demonstration in Four

XIV. SOMETHING ELSE.

XV. THE LITTLE ARSENAL OF THE FREE-TRADER.

XVI. THE RIGHT HAND AND THE LEFT.

XVII. DOMINATION BY LABOUR.

THE LAW

By Frédéric Bastiat

FOREWORD

THE
LAW

FOOTNOTES:

INDEX

INDEX

Action, human. See Individualism;

Mankind

Agriculture analogy to society, 35
Persian, 26
Antiquity. See Greece; Rome
Authority. See Government

Beggars, 11
Billaud-Varennes, Jean Nicolas, 38
Blanc, Louis competition, 45
doctrine, 42, 43
force of society, 47, 48
labor, 42
law, 50, 52
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 41
Bossuet, Jacques Bénigne, 25, 26

Cabetists, 46, 47
Capital displacement, 2
Carlier, Pierre, 13
Carthage, 32
Charity, vii, 5, 17
See also Wealth, equality of; Welfare
Classical studies, 25, 26, 36, 37, 38
Collectivism, 2, 3

See also Government
Communism, 18
Competition
meaning, 45
results, 45
Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de, 35, 38
Constituent Assembly, 24
Conventionality, 37
Crete, 28

Defense right of, 2, 3, 37, 49, 50
Democracy, vi, 43, 44
Democrats, 43
Dictatorship, vii, 39, 40
Disposition, fatal, 5, 37, 38
Distribution, 33, 34
Dole, 10, 11
See also Welfare
Dupin, Charles, 13

Education classical, 26, 38
controlled, 33
Greek, 26
liberty in, 44
free, 21, 22
government provided, 22, 48
Egypt, 25, 26, 27
Elections, 43, 44
See also Voting
Employment
assigned, 26
See also Labor
Equality of wealth, 11, 20, 29, 36

Fénelon, François de Salignac de La
Mothe antiquity, 27, 29
Telemachus, 27
Force common or collective, 2, 3
individual, 2, 3
motive, of society, 40, 43
See also Government; Law
Forced conformity, viii
Fourier, François Marie Charles, 41
Fourierists, 46
France revolutions, 47
Fraternity legally enforced, 16, 17, 21, 22
Fraud, 13, 14
Freedom. See Liberty
French Revolution, 38
public services, 10, 11
purpose of, v relaxed, 35
republican, 30, 39
responsibility and, 3, 47, 48, 51
results, 28
stability, 31
virtue, 39
See also Communism, Socialism

Greece education, 26
law, 26, 27
republic, 29, 30
Sparta, 32, 36, 38
Greed, 5

Happiness of the governed, 28
History, 5
Humanity lost, 19, 20

Imports. See Trade
Individualism, 3
Industry, protected. See Protectionism

Jobs. See Employment
Justice and injustice, distinction
between, 7
generalized, 7

immutable, 49, 50
intentions and, 17, 18
law and, 3, 6, 49
reigning, 19
General welfare, 19
Government
American ideal of, v
corrupting education by, vi
democratic, 29, 43, 44
education, 23, 48
force, 2, 3
function, 38
monopoly, 45
morality, 39
motive force, 40, 43
power, v, 47

Labor displaced, 4
Land. See Property
Law
Cretan, 28
defined, 2, 16
Egyptian, 25, 26, 27, 28
fraternity and, 17
functions, 16, 31, 33, 49, 50
Greek, 26, 28, 29
justice and, 3, 4, 16, 51
morality and, 7, 21
motive force, 25
object of, 19
omnipotence, 44, 49
Persian, 26
perverted, v, 1, 5
philanthropic, 17
plunder and, 5, 13
posterior and inferior, 2, 3
respect for, 7, 9
Rousseau's views, 31, 33, 38
spirit of, 32
study of, 25
United States, 12
See also Legislation
Lamartine, Alphonse Marie Louis de,
fraternity, 17
government power, 48, 49
Lawgiver, 38, 43
Legislation conflict in, 32
monopoly on, 5
struggle for control of, 11, 12
universal right of, 7
See also Law
Legislator. See Lawgiver; Politicians
Lepéletier, Louis Michel de Saint Fargeau, 39
Liberty competition and, 44, 45
defined, 42
denied, 44, 45
described, 53
education and, 44, 45
individual, 3
as power, 43
returned to, 55
seeking, 38

Life, faculties of, 1
Louis XIV 27
Lycurgus government, 30, 35, 36
influence, 33, 40

Mably, Abbé Gabriel Bonnot de, 35, 39
Mankind assimilation, 2
concern for, 54
degraded, 25
divided, 23
inert, 23, 25, 26, 28, 31, 35, 36, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 47
inertia, 44
as machine, 31
nature of, 33

violation of, 52

Melun, Armand de, 52
Mentor, 28, 29
Mimerel de Roubaix, Pierre Auguste
Remi, 52
Monopoly, 5, 45
Montalembert, Charles, Comte de, 13, 15
Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondât, Baron de, 29, 31
Morality law and, 21, 22
Morelly, 41

Napoleon, 41
Natural rights, v
Nature, gifts of, 1

Oliver de Serres, Guillaume Antoine, 29
Order, 3
Owen, Robert, 41
Ownership. See Property

Paraguay, 30
Persia, 26
Personality, 2
Phalansteries, 55
Philanthropy. See Charity
Plato republic, 30
Plunder absence of, 16
burdens of, 5, 6
defined, 17
general welfare and, 19
extralegal, 13
kinds, 13
legal, v, ix, 6, 13, 22
organized, 14
origin of, 6
partial, 15, 16
socialistic, 13
universal, 15, 16
Politicians dreams of, 36
genius of, 30
goodness of, 25
importance of, 22, 23
responsibility of, 27
social engineers, 22, 24, 32, 34, 37, 38, 40, 42, 44, 45
superior, 46, 54
Politics exaggerated importance of, 8
and favors, vi
plunder through, vi
Poor relief. See Charity; Welfare
Power. See Government
Property man and, 2
origin of, 5
Protectionism, 18
United States, 12
Proudhonians, 46
Providence, 55
Public relief, 10, 20, 29

Raynal, Abbé Guillaume, 33, 35
Religion, State, 22
Rent seeking, vi, vii
Republic kinds of, 29
virtues of, 39
Revolt, 6
Revolution, 47
French, 38
Rhodes, 32
Rights individual, v, 2, 3
Roberspierre, Jean Jacques
government, 38
lawgiver, 40
Rome virtue, 32
Rousseau, Jean Jacques
disciples, 8, 9
on the lawgiver, 31, 33

Saint-Cricq, Barthélémy, Pierre Laurent, Comte de, 50
Saint-Just, Louis Antoine Léon de, 38
Saint-Simon, Claude Henri, Comte de doctrine, 41
Salentum, 27, 29
Security consequences, 3
Self-defense, 2, 37, 49, 50
Selfishness, 5
Serres, Oliver de, 29
Slavery,
United States, viii, 12
universality, 5
Socialism confused, ix, 22
defined, 14, 15
disguised, 22
experiments, 23, 24
legal plunder, 13
sincerely believed, 18
social engineers, 22, 24
refutation of, 15
Socialists, vii
Society enlightened, 37
experiments, 23
motive force, 40, 43
object of, 36, 37
parable of the traveler, 54, 55

Solon, 33, 35
Sparta, 32, 36
Spoliation. See Plunder
State. See Government
Suffrage. See Universal suffrage

Tariffs, vi, viii
Telemachus, 27
Terror as means of republican government, 39, 40
Theirs, Louis Adolphe
doctrine, 52
education, 45
Tyre, 32

United States, viii, 12
Declaration of Independence, v
Universal suffrage demand for, 9, 43, 44, 46, 47
importance of, 10
incapacity and, 9
objections, 9

Vaucanson, Jacques de, 54
Vested interests, 13, 14
Virtue and vice, 28, 30, 35, 36, 40
Voting responsibility and, 9, 10
right of, 10
See also Universal suffrage

Want satisfaction, 4
Wealth equality of, 11, 21, 29, 36
transfer of, vii
Welfare, 10, 20, 28

PROTECTION and COMMUNISM

By Frederic Bastiat

CONTENTS

TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE.

PROTECTION AND COMMUNISM.

HARMONIES OF POLITICAL

ECONOMY

By Frédéric Bastiat

CONTENTS

Page

Notice of the Life and Writings of Frédéric Bastiat,
9

To the Youth of France,
33

Chapter I. Natural and Artificial Organization,
47

II.
Wants, Efforts, Satisfactions,
63

III.
Wants of Man,
75

IV.
Exchange,
97

V.
Of Value,
131

VI.
Wealth,
180

VII.
Capital,
196

VIII.
Property-Community,
218

IX.
Landed Property,
249

X.
Competition,
288

XI.
Producer-Consumer,
323

XII.
The Two Aphorisms,
339

XIII.
Rent,
347

XIV.
Wages,
352

XV.
Saving,
393

XVI.
Population,
397

XVII.
Private and Public Services,
425

XVIII.
Disturbing Causes,
446

XIX.
War,
454

XX.
Responsibility,
465

XXI.
Solidarity,
488

XXII.
Social Motive Force,
495

XXIII.
Existence of Evil,
504

XXIV.
Perfectibility,
508

XXV.
Relations of Political Economy with Religion, 513

Index,
518

INDEX

A.
Accumulation, a circumstance of no account in Political Economy, page 169, note.
Air, Atmospheric, has utility without having value, 137;

but if pumped into a diving-bell, the service has value, 138.

Algeria, usual rate of interest in, said to be 10 per cent., 302.
Aphorisms, the Two, "Each for all, all for each"-"Each for himself, each by himself," 339-346.

Opposed to each other if we regard the motive, not so if we look to results, 339.
No incompatibility in this last view between individualism and association, 340.
Men associate in obedience to self-interest, ib.
Difficulties attending a state of isolation lead naturally to association, 341.
As regards labour and exchanges, the principle "Each for himself" must be predominant, 342.
By following the rule each for himself, individual efforts act in the direction of each for all, 343.
Icarian expedition proceeded on the principle of all for each, 344, note.
Principles of Socialism and Communism refuted, 343, 344.
All desire monopolies and privileges, even the working classes, at their own expense, 345, 346.

B.
Barter, primitive form of exchange, direct or roundabout, 108.

When barter is effected by means of an intermediate commodity, it is called sale and purchase, 109.
Barter of two factors, 110.
Value resolves itself into a barter of services, 137.

Bastiat, Frédéric, his birth, parentage, and education, p. 9.

His early friendship with M. Calmètes, ib.
Begins the study of Political Economy, 10.
Gives up commerce as a profession, ib.
His friendship with M. Coudroy, ib.
They study Philosophy and Political Economy together, ib.
Takes part in the Revolution of 1830, 11.
Bastiat publishes his first brochure in 1834, ib.
Becomes Juge de Paix, and a Member of the Council-General, ib.
Visits Spain, Portugal, and England, 12.
Writes Le Fisc et la Vigne, ib.
Publishes two other brochures in 1843 and 1844, ib.
Anecdote regarding unfounded Anglophobia, ib.
Sends his first contribution to the Journal des Économistes, 13.
Publishes Cobden et la Ligue in 1845, ib.
Letter to Mr Cobden quoted, ib.
Named a corresponding member of the Institute, 14.
Letter to M. Calmètes quoted, ib.
Visits Paris, and introduced to leading economists, 15.
Visits England in 1845, and makes the acquaintance of Cobden, Bright, and the other Corn-Law
Leaguers, ib.
Letter to M. Coudroy quoted, 15, 16.
Bastiat complains of the hatred to England then prevalent in France, 16.
Settles in Paris, ib.
His appearance, as described by M. de Molinari and M. Reybaud, 17.
Letters to Cobden and Coudroy quoted, ib.
Conducts the Libre-Échange newspaper, 18.
His mode of life in Paris, ib.
Publishes the Sophismes Économiques, great success of that work, and extract from it, 18, 19, 20,
21.

Delivers a course of lectures on Political Economy, 21.
Is returned as a member of the Legislative Assembly, ib.
His daily occupations, 22.
His pamphlets against the Socialists, Propriété et Loi; Propriété et Spoliation; Justice et Fraternité;
Capital et Rente; Gratuité du Credit; Protectionisme et Communisme, etc., published in 1848-49,
ib.
Publishes Baccalauréat et Socialisme, and Ce qu'on voit et ce qu'on ne voit pas, in 1850, 23.
Extract from the latter, 24, 25.
Projects Harmonies Économiques, and letter to Mr Cobden on that subject quoted, 25.
Letter to M. Coudroy on the same subjects, ib.
His health begins to give way, 26, 27.
His account of the reception of the Harmonies, 27.
Notice of that work, 27, 28, 29.
List of chapters intended to complete the second volume of the Harmonies, 30, note.
Goes to Italy on account of his health, 30.
His letter to M. Coudroy from Rome, 31.
His last illness and death, 31, 32.

Bell, Sir Charles, his work on the Hand quoted, 29, note.
Blanqui, his opinions on landed property quoted, 255.
Bonald, M. de, quoted, 152.
Brazil, usual rate of interest in, said to be 20 per cent., 302.
Buchanan, D., his opinions on landed property quoted, 252.
Buret, M., his false theory on the relations of capitalist and labourer, 384.
Butler, Bishop, his Sermons on Human Nature quoted, 478, note.
Byron, Lord, quoted, 32.
C.
Cairnes, Professor, quoted, 18.
Caisses de Retraite, friendly accumulation societies to provide for old age, 372, note.

Such institutions satisfy the natural desire for stability and fixity, ib.
To succeed must proceed from the working classes themselves, without Government support or
interference, 373.
Future of the working classes, 374.

Calmètes, M., the early friend of Bastiat, 9.

Letter to, quoted, 14.

Candlemakers' Petition quoted, 19.
Capital et Rente, pamphlet by Bastiat against the Socialists, 22.
Capital, in the beginning formed very slowly, 197.

Consists of tools, materials, and provisions, 198.
The man who furnishes capital renders a service, and is paid for that service, 199, 200.
The man who accords delay renders a service, and hence the legitimacy of interest, 203, 204.
Principle which governs the returns for capital, 206-211.
Progress of mankind coincides with rapid accumulation of capital, 210.
Capital has in itself a power of progression, 211.
Increase of capital is followed by increase of general prosperity, 212.
By increase of capital, the capitalist's absolute share of product increased, his relative share
diminished, while labourer's share is increased both absolutely and relatively, ib.
Illustrations of this, 213-216.
Progress of civilisation tends to lower rate of interest, 302.
Rates in Brazil, Algeria, Spain, Italy, Germany, France, England, and Holland, ib.
Relations of capitalist and labourer, 383.
Erroneous notions on this subject most dangerous, 384.
Falsest theories abroad, ib.
Due to M. de Sismondi and M. Buret, ib.
Labourer's share of product has a tendency to increase as capital increases, 385.
When exchange takes place between capital, or anterior labour, and present labour, it is not on the
footing of their duration or intensity, but of their value, 387.
Anterior labour has a general tendency to become depreciated, 388, 389.
Presence of capital always beneficial to labourer, 390.
Groundless outcry against tyranny of capital, 391, 392.

Carey, Mr, his theory of rent referred to, 274, note by Translator.
Ce qu'on voit et ce qu'on ne voit pas, or Political Economy in one Lesson, pamphlet by Bastiat, quoted, 24.

Referred to, 478, note.

Châteaubriand, represents civilisation and corruption of morals as marching abreast, 511, 512.

His Mémoires d'Outre Tombe quoted, 512.

Civil law terms explained, 172, and note.

Cobden, Mr, letter from, on the subject of Bastiat's merits as an economist and writer, 4.

Triumph of free trade due to him rather than to Sir Robert Peel, 374.
His efforts for the suppression of war, 375.

Communists, their erroneous views of landed property controverted, 155.
Competition, no organization or form of association can be substituted for, 288.

Implies freedom from all constraint, 289.
Levels all factitious inequalities, 290.
Misunderstood by the Socialists, ib.
Value diminishes through the co-operation of natural forces, not of its own accord, but by the pressure
exerted by competition, 291, 292.
In the absence of competition, society would be constituted on the principle of universal monopoly, ib.
Competition enables one country to participate in the natural advantages of another, 293.
Examples of this, 294, 299.
Inventions and discoveries become, through competition, the common and gratuitous patrimony of all,
299.
Mode in which this takes place, 300, 301.
Competition among capitalists reduces the price of commodities, 301, 302.
Progress of civilisation tends to lower the rate of interest, and this effected by competition, 302.
If wages are sometimes reduced by competition, the labourers, as consumers, profit by it, 303-307.
Competition tends to render services proportional to efforts, 306.
Laws of modern society too often cramp competition, 309, 310.
Competition essential to progress, and allied with human perfectibility, 313.
It approximates ranks, fortunes, and intelligence, 316.
Advantages from inventions, or from local situation, climate, etc., slip rapidly from hands of producers,
and go to enlarge enjoyments of consumers, 333, 334.
Same thing holds of disadvantages, 334.

Condillac quoted, 114, 107.
Considérant, M., his work on Socialism quoted, 62, note.

His opinions on landed property, 257-260.

Consumer, every man may in turn be both producer and consumer, 324, 325.

The wishes and desires of consumers are those which are in harmony with the public interest, 325.
Consumers and producers should be left free to take care of their own interests, 326.
The effect of inventions and discoveries on the interests of consumers and producers represented by
diagrams, 331, 332.
Advantages from inventions, or from local situation, climate, etc., slip rapidly from the hands of
producers, and go to enlarge the enjoyments of consumers, 333, 334.
Same thing holds of disadvantages, 334.
All great economic effects must be regarded from the consumer's point of view, ib.
Subordination of producer's interests to those of consumer confirmed when viewed in connexion with
morals, 335.
Consumer is alone responsible for morality or utility of production, 338.
Producer looks only to value, ib.
Consumer represents society, ib.

Consumption, a term employed to designate the enjoyment to which utility gives rise, 323.

General prosperity is measured by consumption, and not by labour, 325.
Consumption the great end of Political Economy, 338.

Coudroy, Felix, studies Philosophy and Political Economy along with Bastiat, 10.

Letter to, quoted, 15.
Another letter to, quoted, 26.

D.
Defoe, D., his Robinson Crusoe referred to, 101.

Illustration drawn from, 197.

Demand determines all in connexion with production, 335.
Diamond, has great value without appreciable utility, 139.

Value of one found accidentally and exchanged arises, not from the effort of the person who renders
the service, but the effort saved to the one who receives it, 141, 142.
This a new principle not to be found in the works of economists, 141.

Disturbing Causes. Political Economy sets out by assuming transactions to be free and voluntary, 446.

Liberty is harmony, 447.
Economists not optimists, 448, 449.
Errors of judgment one disturbing cause, 452, 453.

Division of Labour admits of being viewed in a more general light than hitherto, 105.
Dunoyer, M., his work Sur la Liberté du Travail referred to and commended, 92.
E.
Economists differ from the Socialists at the starting-point, 35, 36.

Efforts. Wants, efforts, and satisfactions, 63-74.

Effort saved to the person who receives a service imparts value to the service rendered, 141, 142.

England, population of, doubles in 43 years, 404.
L'État, pamphlet by Bastiat defining the proper province of Government, 23.
Euler, his calculation of the period in which population doubles itself, 407.

Applying this calculation to the facts stated by Moses, Hebrews who entered Egypt must have doubled
in 14 years, ib.

Evil, Existence of. Science has been retarded by being called on to deny the existence of evil, 504.

Socialists, while admitting individual suffering, deny social suffering, ib.
Their contradictions exposed, 504-507.

Exchange, impossible to conceive society as existing without, 97.

A phenomenon peculiar to man, 101.
Has two manifestations, union of forces, and separation of occupations, 104.
Consists in exchange of services, ib.
Its influence on labour, 105.
Upon the co-operation of natural agents, 105.
Upon human powers and faculties, 107.
Upon capital, ib.
Progress of exchange, 108-111.
Primitive form of, barter, 108.
Barter direct and roundabout, 109.
Limits of exchange, 111.
An element in the problem of population which Malthus has neglected, 113.
Moral force of exchange, 116.
In consequence of exchange, our powers exceed our wants, ib.;

and the gain of each is the gain of all, 117.

Illusions to which exchange gives rise, 128-130.
Exchange imparts the idea of value, 135.

F.
Fénélon quoted, 77.
Final Causes, faith in, not unattended with danger to the mind of an inquirer, 397.
Fisc, le, et la Vigne, pamphlet written by Bastiat in 1840, 12.
Florez Estrada, his opinions on landed property quoted, 254.
Florian's Fables quoted, 135.
Force, Public, should be confined to ensuring justice, liberty, and security, 121, 122.
France, youth of, address to, 33.

Usual rate of interest in, said to be 4 per cent., 302.
Population of, doubles in 138 years, 401.

Friendly Societies, have conferred immense benefits on the working classes, 368.

Admirable means of providing against sickness and old age, ib.
Liberty and non-interference of Government essential to ensure their success, 369.
This secures reciprocal surveillance, 369-373.
Marked success of these societies in England, 370-373.
This due to the non-interference of Government, 371.

G.
Garnier, M. Joseph, his opinions on landed property quoted, 256.
Germany, usual rate of interest in said to be 5 per cent., 302.

Population of, doubles in 76 years, 404.

Girardin, M. Saint-Marc, quoted as to the influence of employments on the condition of nations, 455.
Gratuité du Credit, pamphlet by Bastiat against Proudhon's doctrine, in 1850, 22.
H.
Habit, force of, as changing man's wants, an essential element to be taken into account, 84.

Transforms desire into want, 85.

Harmonies Économiques projected, and letters to Mr Cobden and M. Coudroy on that subject quoted, 25.

Bastiat's account of the reception of that work, 27.
Notice of the Harmonies, 27, 28, 29.
List of chapters intended to complete 2d vol. of, 30, note.

Holland, usual rate of interest in, said to be under 3 per cent., 302.

Population of, doubles in 100 years, 404.

I.
Icarie, voyage en, Socialist work referred to, 205.
Institute, Bastiat named a member of, 14.
Interest of Capital, Proudhon's error regarding, 158.

All the power of the Church unable to enforce prohibition of, 480.

Isolation, in the state of, our wants exceed our powers, 98;