Works of Charles Darwin

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Title: Index of the Project Gutenberg Works of Charles Darwin

Author: Charles Darwin

Editor: David Widger

Release Date: January 20, 2019 [EBook #58737]

Language: English

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*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INDEX OF THE PG WORKS OF DARWIN ***

Produced by David Widger

INDEX OF THE PROJECT

GUTENBERG

WORKS OF

CHARLES DARWIN

Compiled by David Widger

DARWIN

CONTENTS

Click on the ## before many of the titles to view a

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table of contents for that volume.

Click on the title itself to open the original online file.

## THE VOYAGE OF THE BEAGLE, Edition 2

## THE VOYAGE OF THE BEAGLE, Edition 11

## THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES

## ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES, Edition 1

## ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES, Edition 2

## ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES, Edition 6

## DESCENT OF MAN AND SELECTION IN RELATION TO SEX, Ed. 1, v1

## DESCENT OF MAN AND SELECTION IN RELATION TO SEX, Ed. 1, v2

## DESCENT OF MAN AND SELECTION IN RELATION TO SEX, Edition 2

## VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION, Vol. 1

## VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION, Vol. 2

## LIFE AND LETTERS OF DARWIN, Vol. 1

## LIFE AND LETTERS OF DARWIN, Vol. 2

## MORE LETTERS OF CHARLES DARWIN, Vol. 1

## MORE LETTERS OF CHARLES DARWIN, Vol. 2

## THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF DARWIN

## HIS LIFE IN AN AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL CHAPTER

## THE CORAL REEFS

## VOLCANIC ISLANDS

## MONOGRAPH ON CIRRIPEDIA, Vol. 1

## MONOGRAPH ON THE SUB-CLASS CIRRIPEDIA, Vol. 2

## SOUTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY

## THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF FLOWERS

## CROSS & SELF-FERTILISATION IN VEGETABLES

## THE EXPRESSION OF EMOTION IN MAN AND ANIMALS

## THE FORMATION OF VEGETABLE MOULD

## THE INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS

## POWER OF MOVEMENT IN PLANTS

THE MOVEMENT AND HABITS OF CLIMBING PLANTS

TABLES OF CONTENTS OF

VOLUMES

THE VOYAGE OF THE

BEAGLE

By Charles Darwin

CONTENTS

PREFACE

THE VOYAGE OF THE BEAGLE

CHAPTER I
ST. JAGO--CAPE DE VERD ISLANDS

CHAPTER II
RIO DE JANEIRO

CHAPTER III
MALDONADO

CHAPTER IV
RIO NEGRO TO BAHIA BLANCA

CHAPTER V
BAHIA BLANCA

CHAPTER VI
BAHIA BLANCA TO BUENOS AYRES

CHAPTER VII
BUENOS AYRES AND ST. FE

CHAPTER VIII
BANDA ORIENTAL AND PATAGONIA

CHAPTER IX
SANTA CRUZ, PATAGONIA, AND THE FALKLAND ISLANDS

CHAPTER X
TIERRA DEL FUEGO

CHAPTER XI
STRAIT OF MAGELLAN.--CLIMATE OF THE SOUTHERN COASTS

CHAPTER XII
CENTRAL CHILE

CHAPTER XIII
CHILOE AND CHONOS ISLANDS

CHAPTER XIV
CHILOE AND CONCEPCION: GREAT EARTHQUAKE

CHAPTER XV
PASSAGE OF THE CORDILLERA

CHAPTER XVI
NORTHERN CHILE AND PERU

CHAPTER XVII
GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO

CHAPTER XVIII TAHITI AND NEW ZEALAND

CHAPTER XIX
AUSTRALIA

CHAPTER XX
KEELING ISLAND: CORAL FORMATIONS

CHAPTER XXI
MAURITIUS TO ENGLAND

FOOTNOTES:

A NATURALIST'S VOYAGE

ROUND THE WORLD

By Charles Darwin, M.A., F.R.S.

First Edition
May 1860

Second Edition
May 1870

Third Edition
February 1872

Fourth Edition
July 1874

Fifth Edition
March 1876

Sixth Edition
January 1879

Seventh Edition May 1882

Eighth Edition
February 1884

Ninth Edition
August 1886

Tenth Edition
January 1888

Eleventh Edition January 1890

Reprinted
June 1913

INDEX

LIST OF

ILLUSTRATIONS

CONTENTS

Chapter I

Porto Praya — Ribeira Grande — Atmospheric Dust with Infusoria — Habits of a Sea-slug and

Cuttle-fish — St. Paul's Rocks, non-volcanic — Singular Incrustations — Insects the first Colonists
of Islands — Fernando Noronha — Bahia — Burnished Rocks — Habits of a Diodon — Pelagic
Confervæ and Infusoria — Causes of discoloured Sea.

Chapter II

Rio de Janeiro — Excursion north of Cape Frio — Great Evaporation — Slavery — Botofogo

Bay — Terrestrial Planariae — Clouds on the Corcovado — Heavy Rain — Musical Frogs —
Phosphorescent insects — Elater, springing powers of — Blue Haze — Noise made by a Butterfly
— Entomology — Ants — Wasp killing a Spider — Parasitical Spider — Artifices of an Epeira —
Gregarious Spider — Spider with an unsymmetrical web.

Chapter III

Monte Video — Maldonado — Excursion to R. Polanco — Lazo and Bolas — Partridges —

Absence of trees — Deer — Capybara, or River Hog — Tucutuco — Molothrus, cuckoo-like
habits — Tyrant-flycatcher — Mocking-bird — Carrion Hawks — Tubes formed by lightning —
House struck.

Chapter IV

Rio Negro — Estancias attacked by the Indians — Salt-Lakes — Flamingoes — R. Negro to R.

Colorado — Sacred Tree — Patagonian Hare — Indian Families — General Rosas — Proceed to
Bahia Blanca — Sand Dunes — Negro Lieutenant — Bahia Blanca — Saline incrustations — Punta
Alta — Zorillo.

Chapter V

Bahia Blanca — Geology — Numerous gigantic extinct Quadrupeds — Recent Extinction —

Longevity of Species — Large Animals do not require a luxuriant vegetation — Southern Africa —
Siberian Fossils — Two Species of Ostrich — Habits of Oven-bird — Armadilloes — Venomous
Snake, Toad, Lizard — Hybernation of Animals — Habits of Sea-Pen — Indian Wars and
Massacres — Arrowhead — Antiquarian Relic.

Chapter VI

Set out for Buenos Ayres — Rio Sauce — Sierra Ventana — Third Posta — Driving Horses —

Bolas — Partridges and Foxes — Features of the country — Long-legged Plover — Teru-tero —
Hail-storm — Natural enclosures in the Sierra Tapalguen — Flesh of Puma — Meat Diet —
Guardia del Monte — Effects of cattle on the Vegetation — Cardoon — Buenos Ayres — Corral
where cattle are slaughtered.

Chapter VII

Excursion to St. Fé — Thistle Beds — Habits of the Bizcacha — Little Owl — Saline streams —

Level plains — Mastodon — St. Fé — Change in landscape — Geology — Tooth of extinct Horse
— Relation of the Fossil and recent Quadrupeds of North and South America — Effects of a great
drought — Parana — Habits of the Jaguar — Scissor-beak — Kingfisher, Parrot, and Scissor-tail
— Revolution — Buenos Ayres — State of Government.

Chapter VIII

Excursion to Colonia del Sacramiento — Value of an Estancia — Cattle, how counted — Singular

breed of Oxen — Perforated pebbles — Shepherd-dogs — Horses broken-in, Gauchos riding —
Character of Inhabitants — Rio Plata — Flocks of Butterflies — Aeronaut Spiders —
Phosphorescence of the Sea — Port Desire — Guanaco — Port St. Julian — Geology of Patagonia
— Fossil gigantic Animal — Types of Organisation constant — Change in the Zoology of America
— Causes of Extinction.

Chapter IX

Santa Cruz — Expedition up the River — Indians — Immense streams of basaltic lava —

Fragments not transported by the river — Excavation of the valley — Condor, habits of —
Cordillera — Erratic boulders of great size — Indian relics — Return to the ship — Falkland Islands
— Wild horses, cattle, rabbits — Wolf-like fox — Fire made of bones — Manner of hunting wild
cattle — Geology — Streams of stones — Scenes of violence — Penguin — Geese — Eggs of
Doris — Compound animals.

Chapter X

Tierra del Fuego, first arrival — Good Success Bay — An account of the Fuegians on board —

Interview with the savages — Scenery of the forests — Cape Horn — Wigwam Cove — Miserable
condition of the savages — Famines — Cannibals — Matricide — Religious feelings — Great Gale
— Beagle Channel — Ponsonby Sound — Build wigwams and settle the Fuegians — Bifurcation of
the Beagle Channel — Glaciers — Return to the Ship — Second visit in the Ship to the Settlement
— Equality of condition amongst the natives.

Chapter XI

Strait of Magellan — Port Famine — Ascent of Mount Tarn — Forests — Edible fungus —

Zoology — Great Seaweed — Leave Tierra del Fuego — Climate — Fruit-trees and productions of
the southern coasts — Height of snow-line on the Cordillera — Descent of glaciers to the sea —
Icebergs formed — Transportal of boulders — Climate and productions of the Antarctic Islands —
Preservation of frozen carcasses — Recapitulation.

Chapter XII

Valparaiso — Excursion to the foot of the Andes — Structure of the land — Ascend the Bell of

Quillota — Shattered masses of greenstone — Immense valleys — Mines — State of miners —
Santiago — Hot-baths of Cauquenes — Gold-mines — Grinding-mills — Perforated stones —
Habits of the Puma — El Turco and Tapacolo — Humming-birds.

Chapter XIII

Chiloe — General aspect — Boat excursion — Native Indians — Castro — Tame fox —

Ascend San Pedro — Chonos Archipelago — Peninsula of Tres Montes — Granitic range — Boat-
wrecked sailors — Low's Harbour — Wild potato — Formation of peat — Myopotamus, otter and
mice — Cheucau and Barking-bird — Opetiorhynchus — Singular character of ornithology —
Petrels.

Chapter XIV

San Carlos, Chiloe — Osorno in eruption, contemporaneously with Aconcagua and Coseguina —

Ride to Cucao — Impenetrable forests — Valdivia — Indians — Earthquake — Concepcion —
Great earthquake — Rocks fissured — Appearance of the former towns — The sea black and
boiling — Direction of the vibrations — Stones twisted round — Great Wave — Permanent
Elevation of the land — Area of volcanic phenomena — The connection between the elevatory and
eruptive forces — Cause of earthquakes — Slow elevation of mountain-chains.

Chapter XV

Valparaiso — Portillo Pass — Sagacity of mules — Mountain-torrents — Mines, how discovered

— Proofs of the gradual elevation of the Cordillera — Effect of snow on rocks — Geological
structure of the two main ranges, their distinct origin and upheaval — Great subsidence — Red snow
— Winds — Pinnacles of snow — Dry and clear atmosphere — Electricity — Pampas — Zoology
of the opposite sides of the Andes — Locusts — Great Bugs — Mendoza — Uspallata Pass —
Silicified trees buried as they grew — Incas Bridge — Badness of the passes exaggerated —
Cumbre — Casuchas — Valparaiso.

Chapter XVI

Coast-road to Coquimbo — Great loads carried by the miners — Coquimbo — Earthquake —

Step-formed terraces — Absence of recent deposits — Contemporaneousness of the Tertiary
formations — Excursion up the valley — Road to Guasco — Deserts — Valley of Copiapó — Rain
and Earthquakes — Hydrophobia — The Despoblado — Indian ruins — Probable change of
climate — River-bed arched by an earthquake — Cold gales of wind — Noises from a hill —
Iquique — Salt alluvium — Nitrate of soda — Lima — Unhealthy country — Ruins of Callao,
overthrown by an earthquake — Recent subsidence — Elevated shells on San Lorenzo, their
decomposition — Plain with embedded shells and fragments of pottery — Antiquity of the Indian
Race.

Chapter XVII

Galapagos Archipelago — The whole group volcanic — Number of craters — Leafless bushes

— Colony at Charles Island — James Island — Salt-lake in crater — Natural history of the group
— Ornithology, curious finches — Reptiles — Great tortoises, habits of — Marine lizard, feeds on
seaweed — Terrestrial lizard, burrowing habits, herbivorous — Importance of reptiles in the
Archipelago — Fish, shells, insects — Botany — American type of organisation — Differences in
the species or races on different islands — Tameness of the birds — Fear of man an acquired
instinct.

Chapter XVIII

Pass through the Low Archipelago — Tahiti — Aspect — Vegetation on the mountains — View

of Eimeo — Excursion into the interior — Profound ravines — Succession of waterfalls — Number
of wild useful plants — Temperance of the inhabitants — Their moral state — Parliament convened
— New Zealand — Bay of Islands — Hippahs — Excursion to Waimate — Missionary
establishment — English weeds now run wild — Waiomio — Funeral of a New Zealand woman —
Sail for Australia.

Chapter XIX

Sydney — Excursion to Bathurst — Aspect of the woods — Party of natives — Gradual

extinction of the aborigines — Infection generated by associated men in health — Blue Mountains —
View of the grand gulf-like valleys — Their origin and formation — Bathurst, general civility of the
lower orders — State of Society — Van Diemen's Land — Hobart Town — Aborigines all
banished — Mount Wellington — King George's Sound — Cheerless aspect of the country — Bald
Head, calcareous casts of branches of trees — Party of natives — Leave Australia.

Chapter XX

Keeling Island — Singular appearance — Scanty Flora — Transport of seeds — Birds and

insects — Ebbing and flowing springs — Fields of dead coral — Stones transported in the roots of
trees — Great crab — Stinging corals — Coral-eating fish — Coral formations — Lagoon islands or
atolls — Depth at which reef-building corals can live — Vast areas interspersed with low coral
islands — Subsidence of their foundations — Barrier-reefs — Fringing-reefs — Conversion of
fringing-reefs into barrier-reefs, and into atolls — Evidence of changes in level — Breaches in
barrier-reefs — Maldiva atolls, their peculiar structure — Dead and submerged reefs — Areas of
subsidence and elevation — Distribution of volcanoes — Subsidence slow and vast in amount.

Chapter XXI

Mauritius, beautiful appearance of — Great crateriform ring of mountains — Hindoos — St.

Helena — History of the changes in the vegetation — Cause of the extinction of land-shells —
Ascension — Variation in the imported rats — Volcanic bombs — Beds of infusoria — Bahia, Brazil
— Splendour of tropical scenery — Pernambuco — Singular reefs — Slavery — Return to England
— Retrospect on our voyage.

INDEX

LIST OF

ILLUSTRATIONS

THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE

ORIGIN OF SPECIES

TWO ESSAYS WRITTEN IN 1842 AND 1844

By Charles Darwin

Edited By His Son Francis Darwin

1909

CONTENTS

ESSAY OF 1842

PAGES
Introduction xi

PART I

§ i. On variation under domestication, and on the principles of selection 1

§ ii. On variation in a state of nature and on the natural means of selection 4
§ iii. On variation in instincts and other mental attributes 17

PART II

§§ iv. and v. On the evidence from Geology. (The reasons for combining the two sections are
given in the Introduction) 22
§ vi. Geographical distribution 29
§ vii. Affinities and classification 35
§ viii. Unity of type in the great classes 38
§ ix. Abortive organs 45
§ x. Recapitulation and conclusion 48

ESSAY OF 1844
PART I
CHAPTER I

ON THE VARIATION OF ORGANIC BEINGS UNDER
DOMESTICATION; AND ON THE

PRINCIPLES OF SELECTION.

Variation
On the hereditary tendency
Causes of Variation
On Selection
Crossing Breeds
Whether our domestic races have descended from one or more wild stocks
Limits to Variation in degree and kind
In what consists Domestication
Summary 57-80

CHAPTER II

ON THE VARIATION OF ORGANIC BEINGS IN A WILD STATE;
ON THE NATURAL

MEANS OF SELECTION; AND ON THE COMPARISON OF DOMESTIC
RACES AND

TRUE SPECIES.

Variation
Natural means of Selection
Differences between “Races” and “Species”:—first, in their trueness or variability
Difference between “Races” and “Species” in fertility when crossed
Causes of Sterility in Hybrids
Infertility from causes distinct from hybridisation
Points of Resemblance between “Races” and “Species”
External characters of Hybrids and Mongrels
Summary
Limits of Variation 81-111

CHAPTER III

ON THE VARIATION OF INSTINCTS AND OTHER MENTAL
ATTRIBUTES UNDER

DOMESTICATION AND IN A STATE OF NATURE; ON THE
DIFFICULTIES IN THIS

SUBJECT; AND ON ANALOGOUS DIFFICULTIES WITH
RESPECT TO CORPOREAL

STRUCTURES.

Variation of mental attributes under domestication
Hereditary habits compared with instincts
Variation in the mental attributes of wild animals
Principles of Selection applicable to instincts
Difficulties in the acquirement of complex instincts by Selection
Difficulties in the acquirement by Selection of complex corporeal structures 112-132

PART II

ON THE EVIDENCE FAVOURABLE AND OPPOSED TO THE VIEW THAT
SPECIES ARE

NATURALLY FORMED RACES, DESCENDED FROM COMMON STOCKS.

CHAPTER IV

ON THE NUMBER OF INTERMEDIATE FORMS REQUIRED ON THE
THEORY OF

COMMON DESCENT; AND ON THEIR ABSENCE IN A FOSSIL STATE 133-143

CHAPTER V

GRADUAL APPEARANCE AND DISAPPEARANCE OF SPECIES. 144-150

{viii}

{ix}

Gradual appearance of species
Extinction of species

CHAPTER VI

ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANIC BEINGS
IN PAST AND

PRESENT TIMES.

SECTION FIRST 151-174

Distribution of the inhabitants in the different continents
Relation of range in genera and species
Distribution of the inhabitants in the same continent
Insular Faunas
Alpine Floras
Cause of the similarity in the floras of some distant mountains
Whether the same species has been created more than once
On the number of species, and of the classes to which they belong in different regions

SECOND SECTION 174-182

Geographical distribution of extinct organisms
Changes in geographical distribution
Summary on the distribution of living and extinct organic beings

SECTION THIRD 183-197

An attempt to explain the foregoing laws of geographical distribution, on the theory of allied
species having a common descent
Improbability of finding fossil forms intermediate between existing species

CHAPTER VII

ON THE NATURE OF THE AFFINITIES AND CLASSIFICATION
OF ORGANIC BEINGS. 198-213

Gradual appearance and disappearance of groups
What is the Natural System?
On the kind of relation between distinct groups
Classification of Races or Varieties
Classification of Races and Species similar
Origin of genera and families

CHAPTER VIII

UNITY OF TYPE IN THE GREAT CLASSES; AND MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURES.

Unity of Type
Morphology
Embryology
Attempt to explain the facts of embryology
On the graduated complexity in each great class
Modification by selection of the forms of immature animals
Importance of embryology in classification
Order in time in which the great classes have first appeared 214-230

CHAPTER IX

ABORTIVE OR RUDIMENTARY ORGANS.

The abortive organs of Naturalists
The abortive organs of Physiologists
Abortion from gradual disuse 231-238

CHAPTER X

RECAPITULATION AND CONCLUSION.

Recapitulation
Why do we wish to reject the Theory of Common Descent?
Conclusion 239-255
Index 257
Portrait frontispiece
Facsimile to face p. 50

{x}

ON THE ORIGIN OF

SPECIES.

OR THE PRESERVATION OF

FAVOURED RACES IN THE STRUGGLE

FOR LIFE.

By Charles Darwin,

CONTENTS

DETEAILED CONTENTS.

ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES.

INTRODUCTION.

1. VARIATION UNDER DOMESTICATION.

2. VARIATION UNDER NATURE.

3. STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE.

4. NATURAL SELECTION

5. LAWS OF VARIATION.

6. DIFFICULTIES ON THEORY.

7. INSTINCT.

8. HYBRIDISM.

9. ON THE IMPERFECTION OF THE GEOLOGICAL RECORD.

10. ON THE GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION OF ORGANIC BEINGS.

11. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

12. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION—continued.

13. MUTUAL AFFINITIES OF ORGANIC BEINGS: MORPHOLOGY:

14. RECAPITULATION AND CONCLUSION.

ON THE ORIGIN OF

SPECIES BY MEANS OF
NATURAL SELECTION,

OR THE PRESERVATION OF FAVOURED

RACES IN THE STRUGGLE FOR LIFE

By CHARLES DARWIN

CONTENTS.

INDEX

INTRODUCTION
Page 1

CHAPTER I.

Variation under Domestication.
Causes of Variability—Effects of Habit—Correlation of Growth—Inheritance—Character of

Domestic Varieties—Difficulty of distinguishing between Varieties and Species—Origin of Domestic
Varieties from one or more Species—Domestic Pigeons, their Differences and Origin—Principle of
Selection anciently followed, its Effects—Methodical and Unconscious Selection—Unknown Origin
of our Domestic Productions—Circumstances favourable to Man's power of Selection

7-43

CHAPTER II.

Variation under Nature.
Variability—Individual differences—Doubtful species—Wide ranging, much diffused, and

common species vary most—Species of the larger genera in any country vary more than the species
of the smaller genera—Many of the species of the larger genera resemble varieties in being very
closely, but unequally, related to each other, and in having restricted ranges

44-59

CHAPTER III.

Struggle for Existence.
Its bearing on natural selection—The term used in a wide sense—Geometrical powers of increase

—Rapid increase of naturalised animals and plants—Nature of the checks to increase—Competition
universal—Effects of climate—Protection from the number of individuals—Complex relations of all
animals and plants throughout nature—Struggle for life most severe between individuals and varieties
of the same species; often severe between species of the same genus—The relation of organism to
organism the most important of all relations

60-79

CHAPTER IV.

Natural Selection.
Natural Selection—its power compared with man's selection—its power on characters of trifling

importance—its power at all ages and on both sexes—Sexual Selection—On the generality of
intercrosses between individuals of the same species—Circumstances favourable and unfavourable to
Natural Selection, namely, intercrossing, isolation, number of individuals—Slow action—Extinction
caused by Natural Selection—Divergence of Character, related to the diversity of inhabitants of any
small area, and to naturalisation—Action of Natural Selection, through Divergence of Character and
Extinction, on the descendants from a common parent—Explains the Grouping of all organic beings

80-130

CHAPTER V.

Laws of Variation.
Effects of external conditions—Use and disuse, combined with natural selection; organs of flight

and of vision—Acclimatisation—Correlation of growth—Compensation and economy of growth—
False correlations—Multiple, rudimentary, and lowly organised structures variable—Parts developed
in an unusual manner are highly variable: specific characters more variable than generic: secondary
sexual characters variable—Species of the same genus vary in an analogous manner—Reversions to
long-lost characters—Summary

131-170

CHAPTER VI.

Difficulties on Theory.
Difficulties on the theory of descent with modification—Transitions—Absence or rarity of

transitional varieties—Transitions in habits of life—Diversified habits in the same species—Species
with habits widely different from those of their allies—Organs of extreme perfection—Means of
transition—Cases of difficulty—Natura non facit saltum—Organs of small importance—Organs not
in all cases absolutely perfect—The law of Unity of Type and of the Conditions of Existence
embraced by the theory of Natural Selection

171-206

CHAPTER VII.

Instinct.
Instincts comparable with habits, but different in their origin—Instincts graduated—Aphides and

ants—Instincts variable—Domestic instincts, their origin—Natural instincts of the cuckoo, ostrich,
and parasitic bees—Slave-making ants—Hive-bee, its cell-making instinct—Difficulties on the theory
of the Natural Selection of instincts—Neuter or sterile insects—Summary

207-244

CHAPTER VIII.

Hybridism.
Distinction between the sterility of first crosses and of hybrids—Sterility various in degree, not

universal, affected by close interbreeding, removed by domestication—Laws governing the sterility of
hybrids—Sterility not a special endowment, but incidental on other differences—Causes of the
sterility of first crosses and of hybrids—Parallelism between the effects of changed conditions of life
and crossing—Fertility of varieties when crossed and of their mongrel offspring not universal—
Hybrids and mongrels compared independently of their fertility—Summary

245-278

CHAPTER IX.

On the Imperfection of the Geological Record.
On the absence of intermediate varieties at the present day—On the nature of extinct intermediate

varieties; on their number—On the vast lapse of time, as inferred from the rate of deposition and of
denudation—On the poorness of our palæontological collections—On the intermittence of geological
formations—On the absence of intermediate varieties in any one formation—On the sudden
appearance of groups of species—On their sudden appearance in the lowest known fossiliferous
strata

279-311

CHAPTER X.

On the Geological Succession of Organic Beings.
On the slow and successive appearance of new species—On their different rates of change—

Species once lost do not reappear—Groups of species follow the same general rules in their
appearance and disappearance as do single species—On Extinction—On simultaneous changes in
the forms of life throughout the world—On the affinities of extinct species to each other and to living
species—On the state of development of ancient forms—On the succession of the same types within
the same areas—Summary of preceding and present chapters

312-345

CHAPTER XI.

Geographical Distribution.
Present distribution cannot be accounted for by differences in physical conditions—Importance of

barriers—Affinity of the productions of the same continent—Centres of creation—Means of
dispersal, by changes of climate and of the level of the land, and by occasional means—Dispersal
during the Glacial period co-extensive with the world

346-382

CHAPTER XII.

Geographical Distribution—continued.
Distribution of fresh-water productions—On the inhabitants of oceanic islands—Absence of

Batrachians and of terrestrial Mammals—On the relation of the inhabitants of islands to those of the
nearest mainland—On colonisation from the nearest source with subsequent modification—Summary
of the last and present chapters

383-410

CHAPTER XIII.

Mutual Affinities of Organic Beings: Morphology: Embryology: Rudimentary Organs.
Classification, groups subordinate to groups—Natural system—Rules and difficulties in

classification, explained on the theory of descent with modification—Classification of varieties—
Descent always used in classification—Analogical or adaptive characters—Affinities, general,
complex and radiating—Extinction separates and defines groups—Morphology, between members
of the same class, between parts of the same individual—Embryology, laws of, explained by
variations not supervening at an early age, and being inherited at a corresponding age—Rudimentary
organs; their origin explained—Summary

411-458

CHAPTER XIV.

Recapitulation and Conclusion.
Recapitulation of the difficulties on the theory of Natural Selection—Recapitulation of the general

and special circumstances in its favour—Causes of the general belief in the immutability of species—
How far the theory of natural selection may be extended—Effects of its adoption on the study of
Natural history—Concluding remarks

459-490

THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY

MEANS OF NATURAL

SELECTION;

OR

THE PRESERVATION OF FAVOURED
RACES IN THE STRUGGLE FOR LIFE.

By Charles Darwin, M.A., F.R.S.,

Author of "The Descent of Man," etc., etc.

Sixth London Edition, with all Additions and

Corrections.

The 6th Edition is often considered the

definitive edition.

CONTENTS

AN HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE PROGRESS OF OPINION ON THE
ORIGIN OF SPECIES

DETAILED CONTENTS

ORIGIN OF SPECIES

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER
I
VARIATION UNDER DOMESTICATION

CHAPTER
II
VARIATION UNDER NATURE

CHAPTER
III
STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE

CHAPTER
IV
NATURAL SELECTION; OR THE SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST

CHAPTER
V
LAWS OF VARIATION

CHAPTER
VI
DIFFICULTIES OF THE THEORY

CHAPTER
VII
MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTIONS TO THE THEORY OF NATURAL
SELECTION

CHAPTER
VIII
INSTINCT

CHAPTER
IX
HYBRIDISM

CHAPTER
X
ON THE IMPERFECTION OF THE GEOLOGICAL RECORD