Working in Biosafety Level 3 and 4 Laboratories: A Practical Introduction

148 Pages·2013·1.818 MB·English

by  Manfred Weidmann, Nigel Silmann, Patrick Butaye, Mandy Elschner

Editedby
ManfredWeidmann,NigelSilman,
PatrickButaye,andMandyElschner
WorkinginBiosafetyLevel3and4
Laboratories
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Edited by Manfred Weidmann, Nigel Silman, Patrick Butaye
and Mandy Elschner
Working in Biosafety Level 3 and 4
Laboratories
A Practical Introduction
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V
Contents
Acknowledgement X
Preface XI
ListofContributors XIII
Introduction 1
ManfredWeidmann
References 3
1 LaboratoryBiosafetyinContainmentLaboratories 5
AnnetteA.KrausandAliMirazimi
1.1 RoutesofInfection 5
1.2 ClassificationofMicroorganisms 6
1.3 GeneralContainmentPrinciples 7
1.4 SpecificContainmentPrinciples 7
1.4.1 BiosafetyLevel1Laboratory 8
1.4.2 BiosafetyLevel2Laboratory 8
1.4.3 BiosafetyLevel3Laboratory 8
1.4.4 BiosafetyLevel4Laboratory 9
1.5 DesignofaSuit-Based-BSL-4LaboratorywithNegativePressure 9
1.6 SafetyRoutines 11
Summary 11
References 12
2 HazardCriteriaandCategorizationofMicrobesClassification
Systems 13
NigelSilman
2.1 FacilityRequirements 16
2.2 ExceptionstotheRules 18
Summary 19
3 TechnicalandPracticalAspectsofBSL-3Laboratories 21
FrankT.HufertandManfredWeidmann
3.1 TechnicalAspects–Facilities,SecondaryBarriers 21
VI Contents
3.1.1 AirFiltrationSystems 23
3.1.2 Water 23
3.1.3 FireProtection 24
3.2 PracticalAspects–SafetyEquipment,PrimaryBarriers 25
3.2.1 Staff 25
3.3 PersonalProtectiveEquipment(PPE) 25
3.3.1 PrimaryBarriersandWorkingProcedures 26
Summary 29
References 29
4 AnimalBiosafetyLevel3Facility–EnhancementsWhenDealingwith
LargeAnimals 31
FrancescXavierAbad,DavidSolanes,andMarianoDomingo
4.1 EnhancementstoUpgradeaStandardAnimalABSL-3Facilitytoa
LABSL-3FacilityHousingLargeAnimals 33
4.2 AdditionalRecommendations 36
Summary 38
References 38
5 PersonalProtectiveEquipment 41
NigelSilman
5.1 Definitions 41
5.2 RegulatoryBackground 41
5.3 RoutesofEntryandTypesofPPE 42
5.4 UseofPPE 45
Summary 45
6 ShippingofInfectiousSubstancesAccordingIATA-DGR
Regulations 47
MandyElschnerandMartinHeller
6.1 Introduction 47
6.2 ClassificationsandUNCode 47
6.3 Limitations 49
6.4 Packaging 49
6.5 PackingInstruction650forBiologicalSubstance,CategoryB 51
6.6 PackingInstruction620forInfectiousSubstance,CategoryA;
UN2814andUN2900 53
6.7 PackingInstruction904(UN1845)forDryIce 55
6.8 Documentation 56
Summary 58
References 58
7 DisinfectionandDecontamination 59
PatrickButaye
7.1 Introduction 59
Contents VII
7.2 WaysofDecontamination/Disinfection 60
7.3 PhysicalDisinfection/Decontamination 61
7.4 Irradiation 61
7.5 FactorsInfluencingChemicalDisinfection/Decontamination 62
7.5.1 Temperature 62
7.5.2 TimeofContact 62
7.5.3 Microorganism 63
7.5.4 SurfaceType(AbsorbantvsNonabsorbant) 63
7.5.5 Liquid 63
7.5.6 pH 64
7.5.7 PresenceandTypeofDirt 64
7.5.8 ConcentrationoftheProduct 64
7.5.9 High-PressureWaterCleaning 64
7.5.10 WaterUsed 65
7.5.11 Mechanism/MethodsofDecontamination 65
7.5.12 InoculumConcentration 65
7.6 TestingtheActivityofaCertainProduct 65
7.6.1 PhysicalDisinfection 65
7.6.2 ChemicalDisinfection 66
7.6.2.1 Introduction 66
7.6.2.2 Phase1Studies 66
7.6.2.3 Phase2Studies 67
7.6.2.4 Phase3Studies 68
7.7 ChemicalCompoundsUsedasDisinfectants 69
7.7.1 Introduction 69
7.7.2 Phenols 69
7.7.3 ChlorineDerivatives 69
7.7.4 Iodophores 70
7.7.5 QuaternaryAmmoniumCompounds 70
7.7.6 Amphoteres 70
7.7.7 Aldehydes 71
7.7.8 CalciumOxide,Lime 71
7.7.9 Alcohols 71
7.7.10 Chlorhexidine 72
7.7.11 Peroxides 72
7.7.12 PeraceticAcid 72
7.7.13 SodiumHydroxide 72
7.8 Conclusion 73
Summary 73
References 73
8 FumigationofSpaces 75
NigelSilman
8.1 Definitions 75
8.2 Practicalities 76
VIII Contents
8.3 FumigationProcess 76
8.4 ValidationofFumigation 79
8.5 Post-Fumigation 80
8.6 FumigationofCabinets 81
8.7 EmergencyPlans 82
8.8 Conclusions 82
Summary 82
9 LearningfromaHistoryofLaboratoryAccidents 83
ManfredWeidmann
9.1 Introduction 83
9.2 Strains 83
9.3 EyeProtection 84
9.4 Necropsies,AnimalExperiments,andSharps 85
9.5 SkinProtection 86
9.6 TheOmnipresenceofAerosol 87
9.7 Centrifugation 89
9.8 Spills 89
9.9 LaboratoryAccidentStatistics 90
Summary 91
References 91
10 BridgingtheGapbetweenRequirementsofBiocontainment
andDiagnostics 95
ManfredWeidmann,FrankT.Hufert,andNigelSilman
Summary 97
References 97
11 RiskAssessmentProcedures 99
A˚saS.Bjo¨rndal
11.1 Introduction 99
11.2 RiskIdentification 100
11.2.1 TimingofAssessment 100
11.2.2 AQualitativeRiskAssessment 100
11.2.3 SystematicDocumentation 101
11.3 AdditionalPointsforGeneralRisk 102
Summary 105
FurtherReadings 105
12 Biosecurity 107
Ju¨rgenMertsching
12.1 Introduction 107
12.2 BiosecurityasPartofaBioriskManagementProgram 108
12.3 Risk(Threat)AssessmentProcess 108
12.3.1 IdentifyandPrioritizeBiologicalMaterials 109