Working Drawings Handbook

169 Pages·2006·5.75 MB·English

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WORKING DRAWINGS HANDBOOK
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WORKING DRAWINGS
HANDBOOK
Fourth Edition
Keith Styles and Andrew Bichard
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Architectural Press
An imprint of Elsevier
Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP
30 Corporate Drive, Burlington, MA 01803
First published 1982
Second edition 1986
Third edition 1995
Reprinted 1998, 2000, 2002, 2003
Fourth edition 2004
Copyright ©2004, Keith Styles and Andrew Bichard.All rights reserved
The right of Keith Styles and Andrew Bichard to be identified as the authors of
this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988
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Contents
Introduction 1
1 The structure of information 2
2 The general arrangement drawing 35
3 Component, sub-component and assembly drawings 61
4 Drawing the set 88
5 Working drawing management 113
Appendix 1 Building elements and external features 145
Appendix 2 Conventions for doors and windows 148
Appendix 3 Symbols indicating materials 150
Appendix 4 Electrical, telecommunications and fire protection symbols 152
Appendix 5 Non-active lines and symbols 156
Appendix 6 Glossary of CAD terms 158
Index 161
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Introduction
This book had its origins in the series of articles of the It had been hoped at the outset to illustrate the book with
same name published in the Architects’Journalin 1976 actual drawings taken from live projects, but for various
and 1977.My thanks are due therefore to my fellow reasons this proved to be impracticable.Invariably the
contributors to that series, Patricia Tutt, Chris Daltry scale was wrong, or the drawing was too big, or was too
and David Crawshaw, for many stimulating discussions profusely covered with detail irrelevant to the immediate
during its production, and to the Architects’Journalfor purpose.In the event the drawings in the book have
allowing me to reproduce material from it.The text of been drawn for it especially, or have been redrawn for it
the first edition, however, was completely rewritten, from source material provided by others.My thanks for
and responsibility for the views expressed and providing such material are due to Messrs Oscar Garry
recommendations made therein were mine and Partners, the Department of Health and Social
alone. Security, Messrs Kenchington Little and Partners,
Autodesk Ltd and the Property Services Agency.Thanks
The development of CAD since publication of the are also due to The British Standards Institution, The
third edition has led to a major revision and up-dating Royal Institute of British Architects, and the Construction
to include details of the application of the latest Project Information Committee for permission to use
CAD techniques to the whole field of production material for which they hold the copyright.
drawings.This has led to the introduction as
collaborator of Andrew Bichard, the well-known A final caveat:the illustrations have been selected –
architect and writer on CAD topics, who is an indeed, in many instances devised – solely for their
acknowledged leader in the field.He has written the function in illustrating points made in the text, and are
sections on CAD, and in particular all the CAD not presented as working details to be used for any
drawings have been produced by him. other purpose.
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CHAPTER
1
The structure of
information
No one who has delivered drawings to site and overhead (cid:2) omissions—items of information accidentally
the foreman’s jocular reference to a ‘fresh set of comics missing
having arrived’will deny that the quality of architects’ (cid:2) poor presentation—(i.e.the drawing or set of
working drawings in general is capable of improvement. drawings was complete but confusing to read).
In some measure we have all of us suffered more or less
justifiable accusations of inaccuracy, inadequacy and
Analysis of this list suggests that the defects spring from
incomprehensibility;and yet drawings are prepared and
different causes—some from an inadequate
issued with the best of intentions.Few offices deliberately
understanding of the user’s needs, some from an
skimp the job, despite economic pressures and time
undisciplined approach to the problems of presenting a
constraints, for the consequences of inadequate or
complex package of information, and some from faulty
incorrect information being passed to the builder loom
project management procedures.That the problems
frighteningly behind every contract.We do our genuine
seem to arise more frequently in relation to architects’
best, and still things go wrong which might have been
drawings than to those of other disciplines merely
avoided;still information is found to be missing, or vague,
illustrates how the difficulty is compounded by
or incorrect (1.1).
the complicated nature of the architect’s work and the
diversity of the information they have to provide.The
The UK Building Research Establishment paper
structural engineer need only adopt a simple cross-
‘Working Drawings in use’lists a depressing number of
referencing system to enable him to link any structural
defects which the authors found giving rise to site
member back to a general arrangement drawing;but for
queries.Those defects included:
an architect economically to give precise and simply
(cid:2) uncoordinated drawings—(i.e.information from understood directions about, say, a door set—involving a
different sources found to be in conflict) range of variables which include door, frame, architrave,
(cid:2) errors—items of information incorrect finishes, materials and ironmongery—a communications
(cid:2) failures in transmission—(i.e.information produced method of some complexity will be required.Where is
and available but not put in the right hands) such a method to be found (1.2)?
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The structure of information
1.1 Hellman’s view of the problem
Problems of communication (cid:2) comprehensive and sufficiently detailed for its
purpose
The Handbook of Architectural Practice and (cid:2) easily retrievable from the mass of other information
Management(published by the Royal Institute of British with which, inevitably, it will be combined.
Architects) points out, ‘As with all technical
communication, the user’s needs are the primary It is the purpose of this book to consider these four
consideration’.Whoever the user is—and the users of a requirements in detail and hopefully to propose
set of drawings will be many and various—he has the techniques for satisfying them.
right to expect that the information given to him will be:
There is a fifth and fundamental requirement, of course.
(cid:2) an accurate record of the designer’s intentions The information conveyed must be technically sound;
(cid:2) clearly expressed and easily understood ifthis is not the case then all the careful draughting and
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