Workbook : applied math for wastewater plant operators

530 Pages·1991·9.842 MB·English

by  Price, Joanne Kirkpatrick

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-WORKBOOK-
Applied Math
FOR WASTEWATER
PLANT OPERATORS
JOANNE KIRKPATRICK PRICE
Training Consultant
CRC PRESS
BocaRaton London NewYork Washington, D.C.
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 1991 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
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Version Date: 20130227
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-8715-9 (eBook - PDF)
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iii
Dedication
Thisbookisdedicatedtomyfamily:
TomyhusbandBentonC.Pricewhowaspatientand
supportiveduringthetwoyearsittooktowritethesetexts,and
whonotonlyhadtocarryextraresponsibilities during thistime,
butalso, as a sanitaryengineer,providedfrequenttechnical
critiqueand suggestions.
ToourchildrenLisa,Derek,Kimberly, andCorinne,
whosomanytimeshadtopitchin whileIwasbusywriting,
andwhofrequently hadtowaitformyattention.
Tomymotherwhohasalwaysbeensoencouragingandwho
helpedin somanywaysthroughoutthe writingprocess.
Tomyfather,whopassedawaysincethewritingofthefirst
edition,butwho,Iknow,wouldhavehadjustasinstrumental
arolein thesebooks.
Totheothermembers ofmyfamily, whohavehadtoputup
with thisandmanyotherprojects,butwhomaintain asense
ofhumoraboutit.
Thankyouforyourloveinallowingmetodosomething
thatwasimportant tome.
I.K.P.

v
Contents
Dedication iii
PrefaceTo The SecondEdition .. .. .. . . ... .. . .. . ... ix
Acknowledgments xi
How To Use These Books xiii
1.Applied Volume Calculations 1
Tank volume calculations 3
Channel orpipeline volume calculations . . .. .. .. .. 5
Othervolume calculations. . .. .. . . . . ... . . ... . .. 7
AchievementTest. . .. .. .. . . . ... . . .. .. . ... .. .. 9
2.Flow and Velocity Calculations ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· ···. · . .. 13
Instantaneous flow rates. . . .. . ... . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 15
Velocity calculations. · ··· ·· · · ·· ·· · ··· · ·· ·· · ·.. 17
Average flow rates ····· ·· · ·· · · ·· ·· .. · . · .. .. .. 19
Flow conversions ·· ···· ·· ·· · ·· ·· ·· ·.· . ·... ... 21
AchievementTest 23
3.Milligrams per LitertoPounds per Day Calculations . .. 27
Chemical dosage calculations .. · .· · .. .. .. 29
Loadingcalculations-BOD, COD, and SS .. .. . .. 31
BOD and S8 removal 33
Pounds ofsolids under aeration · · · · .. .. . . .. 35
WAS pumpingrate calculations 37
AchievementTest 39
4.LoadingRate Calculations 43
Hydraulicloadingrate ··. · .. · .· · · .. .. .. .. .. . .. 45
Surface overflowrate ··· ·· ·. ·. ·· · . . .. .. . .. . . .. 47
Filtrationrate .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 49
Backwashrate .. . . ... .. . ... . . .. . ... .. . .. . . .. 51
Unit filter run volume. . .. .. .. .. . . . . ... . . .. .. .. 53
Weir overflowrate. . .... . . .. .. . .. ... .. . . .. . .. 55
Organic loadingrate. .. .. . .. ... .. .. . . ... . .. . .. 57
Food/microorganismratio ... ... . .. . .. .. ... . . .. 59
Solids loadingrate . .. ... . .. . ... . . . ... . ... .. .. 61
Digesterloading rate 63
Digestervolatile solids loading .. .. . .. .. . .. .. ... 65
Populationloading andpopulationequivalent 67
AchievementTest 69
5.Detention and RetentionTimes Calculations 75
Detention time ·· · · ··· ·· · ··· · ·· · · ·· ·· · ·· · · ·.. 77
Sludge age · · · ·· · · ·· ··· · · ·· ··· ·· · ·· · ·· ·· · · .. 79
Solids retention time (also called MCRT) .. .. .. . .. 81
AchievementTest. . ... . .. .. . ... . . .. .. . . .. . . .. 83
vi
Contents-Cont'd
6.EfficiencyandOtherPercentCalculations 87
Unitprocessefficiency. ........................... 89
Percentsolidsandsludgepumpingrate .. . . . . . . . . . . ... 91
Mixingdifferentpercentsolids sludges ....... 93
Percentvolatilesolids··· ··... ·.. ··............. 95
Percentseedsludge.... · ·.·.. ·................. 97
Percentstrengthofasolution ··· · ·....... 99
Mixingdifferentpercentstrengthsolutions ·.. 101
Pumpandmotorefficiencycalculations 103
AchievementTest 105
7.PumpingCalculations................................ 109
Densityand specificgravity ........................ 111
Pressureandforce. ............................... 113
Headandheadloss............................... 117
Horsepower...................... 119
Pumpcapacity. .................................. 121
AchievementTest 123
8.WastewaterCollectionandPreliminary Treatment. .. ...... 127
Wetwellcapacity. ............................... 129
Wetwellpumpingrate 131
Screeningsremoved 133
Screeningspitcapacity............................ 135
Gritchannelvelocity.... .......................... 137
Grit removal .................................... 139
Flowmeasurement ........... .................... 141
AchievementTest 145
9. Sedimentation 149
Detentiontime 151
Weiroverflowrate. .............................. 153
Surfaceoverflowrate ·······················.···.. 155
Solidsloadingrate. .......................... .... 157
BODandsuspended solidsremoved 159
Unitprocessefficiency. . .......................... 161
AchievementTest 163
10.TricklingFilters 167
Hydraulicloadingrate ............................ 169
Organicloadingrate.............................. 171
BODand55removed. ............................ 173
Uni~prace.ss or~verallefficiency 175
Recirculation ratio ................... ......... 177
AchievementTest 179
vii
Contents-Cont'd
11.RotatingBiological Contactors.................... ...... 183
Hydraulicloadingrate. ....... ...... ................ 185
SolubleBOD. .. ........ .... .......... ..... ....... 187
Organicloadingrate ... ............ ........ .. ...... 189
AchievementTest. ..... .................. ... ...... 191
12.ActivatedSludge 193
Tan.kvolumes .. ...................... ..... ....... 195
BODorCODloading. ....... .......... ... .. ....... 197
Solids~ventory i~ thea~ration tan.k. .. ...... .. ........ 199
Pood/Microorganismrano 201
0••
Sludgeage(Gould). ... ............. ....... .. ...... 203
Solidsretentiontime(alsocalledMCRT) 205
Return sludgerate .. ............ ......... .......... 207
Wastingrate 209
WASpumpingrate ......................... ....... 211
Oxidationditchdetentiontime 213
AchievementTest 215
13.WasteTreatmentPonds 221
BODloading····· ················ ······ ········.. 223
Organicloadingrate ······· ········· ··· ···· ······.. 225
BODremovalefficiency···· ······· ·········· ·····.. 227
Hydraulic loadingrate. · ··················· ····· ··.. 229
Populationloadingandpopulationequivalent ·· ·······.. 231
Detentiontime··· ······ ·················· ··· ····.. 233
AchievementTest .. .... .......... ....... .......... 235
14.ChemicalDosage.·· ·· ·· ············· ········· ··.·.·.. 239
Chemicalfeedrate-full-strengthchemicals ·.. ··· 241
Chlorinedose,demand,andresidual.. ··· .·... ··.. ···.. 243
Chemicalfeedrate-less thanfull-strength chemicals···.. 245
Percentstrengthof solutions ········ ······... ·... ·... 247
Mixingsolutions ofdifferentstrength.· ·····.. · ··.· .·.. 249
Solutionchemicalfeedersetting,gpd·· ··.··.. ··. ...... 251
Chemicalfeedpump-percentstrokesetting··· ··.. ···.. 253
Solutionchemicalfeedersetting,mLlmin. ···.··· ·.. ··.. 255
Drychemicalfeedcalibration·············.·· ·· .···.. 257
Solutionfeedcalibration, givenmL/min flow.·.··.··.·.. 259
Solutionfeedcalibration, givendropin tanklevel··.·.... 261
Average usecalculations. ·..... ···.·····.·.··· .·.·.. 263
AchievementTest .. .... ..... ..... ....... .......... 265
15.SludgeProductionandThickening. ···· ········ ········.. 271
Primaryandsecondaryclarifiersolidsproduction··.·· ·.. 273
Percentsolidsandsludgepumping. ·· ······ ···· ·····.. 275
viii
Contents-Cont'd
15.SludgeProductionandThickening-Cont'd
Sludgethickening andsludgevolumechanges 277
Gravitythickening calculations ................. ....... 279
Dissolvedairflotation thickeningcalculations 283
Centrifugethickening calculations 287
AchievementTest 291
16.SludgeDigestion ··· ···· ·····························.. 297
Mixingdifferentpercentsolidssludges················.. 299
Sludgevolumepumped. ........... .................. 301
Sludgepumpoperatingtime .. ······················.. 303
Volatilesolidstothedigester.......................... 305
Seedsludgebasedondigestercapacity················.. 307
Seedsludgebasedonvolatilesolidsloading············.. 309
Digesterloadingrate,lbsVSadded/day/cu ft ·········· ·.. 311
Digestersludgetoremaininstorage ··················.. 313
Volatileacids/alkalinityratio 315
Limerequiredforneutralization 317
Percentvolatilesolidsreduction. ·············· ·······.. 319
Volatilesolidsdestroyed. ····················· ······.. 321
Digestergasproduction···· ························.. 323
Solidsbalance.·················· ·················.. 325
Digestiontime 327
Airrequirements andoxygenuptake·· ········ ········.. 329
pH adjustment usingjar tests························.. 331
AchievementTest 333
17.SludgeDewateringandDisposal ·.·.·........ ....... 343
Filterpressdewatering calculations ·................ 345
Beltfilterpressdewateringcalculations.··· ·. ·· ·· .. 347
Vacuumfilterpressdewateringcalculations · 349
Sanddryingbedscalculations 351
Compostingcalculations 353
AchievementTest 357
18.LaboratoryCalculations. ............ .................... 363
Biochemicaloxygendemand. ...... ................... 365
Molarityandmoles.······· ························.. 367
Normalityandequivalents ··························.. 369
Settleability.··... ·.··... ·····.. ··················.. 371
Settleablesolids(ImhoffCone)······················.. 373
Sludgetotalandvolatilesolids 375
Suspendedsolidsandvolatilesuspendedsolids .. ·······.. 377
Sludgevolumeindexandsludgedensityindex··········.. 379
Temperature .... ·.···.. · ········ ·················.. 381
AchievementTest. ............. ..................... 383
AnswerKey ..... ··.. ·································.. 387
ix
Preface to the Second Edition
The first edition ofthese texts was written at the conclusion ofthree
and a halfyears ofinstruction at Orange Coast College, CostaMesa,
California, for two different waterand wastewatertechnologycourses.
The fundamental philosophy that governedthe writingofthese texts
was that those who have difficulty in math often do not lack the ability
for mathematical calculation, they merely have not learned, or have
not been taught, the "languageofmath. The books, therefore,
It
represent an attempt to bridge the gap between the reasoningprocesses
and the language ofmath that exists for students who have difficulty
in mathematics.
In the years since the first edition, I have continuedtoconsiderways
in which the texts could be improved. Inthisregard, Iresearched
several topics includinghow peoplelearn (learning styles, etc.), how
the brain functions in storing and retrieving information, and the
fundamentals ofmemory systems. Many ofthe changes incorporated
in this second edition are aresult ofthis research.
Two features ofthis secondedition are ofparticularimportance:
• the skills check section providedat the beginning ofevery
basic math chapter
• a grouping ofsimilartypes ofcalculations in the
applied math texts
The skills checkfeature ofthe basic math text enables the student to
pinpointthe areas of math weakness, and thereby customizes the
instruction to the needs ofthe individual student.
The first six chapters ofeach appliedmath text include calculations
groupedby type ofproblem. These chapters have been included so
that students could see the common thread in avariety ofseemingly
differentcalculations.
The changes incorporatedin this second edition were field-tested
during a three-yearperiodin which I taught a water and wastewater
mathematics coursefor PalomarCommunity College,
San Marcos, California.
Writtencomments or suggestions regarding the improvementofany
section of these texts or workbooks will be greatly appreciatedbythe
author.
Joanne KirkpatrickPrice