Table Of ContentWireless Sensor
Networks
Wireless Sensor
Networks
Deployment Strategies for
Outdoor Monitoring
Fadi Al-Turjman
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Al-Turjman, Fadi, author.
Title: Wireless sensor networks: deployment strategies for outdoor
monitoring / Fadi Al-Turjman.
Description: Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, a CRC title, part of the Taylor &
Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic
division of T&F Informa, plc, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017040978 | ISBN 9780815375814 (hb : acid-free paper) |
ISBN 9781351207034 (e)
Subjects: LCSH: Wireless sensor networks. | Environmental monitoring.
Classification: LCC TK7872.D48 A3953 2017 | DDC 006.2/5--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017040978
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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This book is dedicated to my beloved parents, my mother and
my father, to honor their major support and encouragement
over the course of my entire life. In this way, I wish to
express maybe a little part of my great gratitude to them.
My mother, Lama, thank you very much for the tender care
you have been always providing. Your delicious morning
sandwiches’ taste in the cold winter is still in my mouth.
Great mother, words can never express the deepest gratitude I have
for you. You have been there for me my whole life and I love you so
much for it. I mostly admire and love you for the person YOU are.
My father, Ferzat, completed his BSc and MSc degrees in
mathematics at Damascus University, Damascus, Syria, in 1974.
He spent his entire life teaching not only math but also ethics.
Throughout his career, Mr. Al-Turjman has made significant
contributions in multiple areas of the education system. He
received several academic honors for his outstanding teaching,
including the Prince of Kuwait Prize for Excellence in Teaching
twice, in 2000 and 2010. Indeed, he is a brilliant teacher and
scientific communicator. I owe him a lot, and I believe his
support was a key factor in any achievement I have ever made.
Thank you very much great father for your sincere love.
I love you always,
Your son,
Fadi Al-Turjman
Contents
Preface xi
author xiii
chaPter 1 IntroductIon 1
1.1 Contributions 2
1.2 Book Outline 4
References 6
chaPter 2 dePloyment of WIreless sensor
netWorks In outdoor envIronment
monItorIng: an overvIeW 7
2.1 Desired Network Properties in OEM 8
2.1.1 Connectivity 8
2.1.2 Fault-Tolerance 9
2.1.3 Lifetime 10
2.2 Random vs. Deterministic WSNs Deployment 11
2.2.1 Random Deployment 12
2.2.2 Deterministic (Grid-Based) Deployment 12
2.3 Summary 16
References 18
chaPter 3 effIcIent dePloyment of WIreless
sensor netWorks targetIng envIronment
monItorIng aPPlIcatIons 21
3.1 Related Work 25
3.2 System Models and Problem Definition 27
3.2.1 N etwork Model and Placement Problem 28
vii
viii Contents
3.2.2 Cost and Communication Models 30
3.2.3 Lifetime Model 31
3.3 Deployment Strategy 38
3.3.1 First Phase of the O3DwLC Strategy 39
3.3.2 Second Phase of the O3DwLC Strategy 42
3.4 Performance Evaluation 52
3.4.1 Simulation Model 53
3.4.2 Simulation Results 54
3.5 Conclusion 59
References 60
chaPter 4 oPtImIzed relay Placement for WIreless
sensor netWorks federatIon In
envIronmental aPPlIcatIons 63
4.1 R elated Work 66
4.2 O ptimized WSN Federation 67
4.2.1 Definitions and Assumptions 67
4.2.2 Deployment Strategy 68
4.2.2.1 Grid-Based ORP (GORP) 68
4.2.2.2 The General Non-Grid (ORP) 74
4.3 Performance Evaluation 75
4.3.1 S imulation Environment 75
4.3.2 Performance Metrics and Parameters 75
4.3.3 Baseline Approaches 77
4.3.4 S imulation Model 78
4.3.5 Simulation Results 78
4.4 C onclusion 82
References 82
chaPter 5 toWards augmentIng federated WIreless
sensor netWorks In forestry aPPlIcatIons 85
5.1 Background and Related Work 87
5.2 System Model 88
5.2.1 Problem Definition 88
5.2.2 Communication Model 89
5.2.3 Network Model 90
5.2.4 Grid Model 91
5.3 F ixing Augmented Network Damage Intelligently
(FADI): The Approach 92
5.4 P erformance Evaluation 99
5.4.1 Performance Metrics and Parameters 100
5.4.2 Baseline Approaches 100
5.4.3 Simulation Setup and Results 101
5.5 Conclusion 104
References 105
Contents ix
chaPter 6 oPtImIzed hexagon-Based dePloyment for
large-scale uBIquItous sensor netWorks 107
6.1 R elated Work 109
6.2 S ystem Models 111
6.2.1 Network Model 111
6.2.2 Energy Consumption Model 112
6.2.3 Communication Model 112
6.2.4 Cost Model 113
6.2.4.1 Relay Node 113
6.2.4.2 Cognitive Node 114
6.2.5 Problem Definition 116
6.3 The O2D Deployment Strategy 117
6.4 Case Study 125
6.5 Simulation Results and Discussion 128
6.5.1 Simulation Setup 131
6.5.2 Evaluation of the Square-Based Grid 131
6.5.2.1 Node Reliability (NR) 132
6.5.2.2 Instantaneous Throughput (IT) 132
6.5.2.3 Delay 132
6.5.3 Evaluation of the Hexagon-Based Grid 134
6.5.3.1 Instantaneous Throughput (IT) 135
6.5.3.2 Node Reliability (NR) 136
6.6 Conclusions 138
References 139
chaPter 7 toWards Prolonged lIfetIme for
dePloyed WIreless sensor netWorks In
outdoor envIronment monItorIng 143
7.1 Related Work 145
7.1.1 Contributions 149
7.2 System Models 150
7.2.1 Communication Model 151
7.2.2 Network Model 151
7.2.3 Lifetime and Energy Models 153
7.3 Deployment Strategy 154
7.3.1 First Phase of the O3D Strategy 155
7.3.2 Second Phase of the O3D Strategy 158
7.4 Lifetime Theoretical Analysis 166
7.5 Performance Evaluation and Discussion 168
7.5.1 Simulation Model 169
7.5.2 Simulation Results 169
7.6 Conclusions 175
References 176
