Wireless Sensor Networks: A Cognitive Perspective

267 Pages·2012·22.314 MB·English

by  Mohamed Ibnkahla

Electrical Engineering Ib
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Wireless Sensor Networks la
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A Cognitive Perspective
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With classical techniques for data transmission soon reaching their e
limitations, cognitive approaches may offer a solution to user requirements
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for better coverage, connectivity, security, and energy efficiency at
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lower cost. Wireless Sensor Networks: A Cognitive Perspective
presents a unified view of the state of the art of cognitive approaches
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in telecommunications. A benchmark in the field, it brings together
research that has previously been scattered throughout conference and e
journal papers.
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After a review of the cognitive concept and approaches, the book outlines a s
generic architecture for cognition in wireless sensor networks. It then targets o
specific issues that need to be addressed through cognition, from cognitive
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radio and spectrum access to routing protocols. The book also explores

how to use weighted cognitive maps to improve network lifetime through N
optimizing routing, medium access, and power control while fulfilling end-
to-end goals. The final chapter discusses the implementation of hardware e
for GPS/INS-enabled wireless sensor networks. This addresses an important t
need for real-time node position information in many wireless sensor network w
applications and communication protocols.
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Written in a tutorial style, the book supplies an in-depth survey of each topic, r
accompanied by detailed descriptions of the algorithms and protocols. It also k
provides a step-by-step analysis of the various communications systems
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through extensive computer simulations and illustrations. Examples cover
environmental monitoring, vehicular communications, tracking, and more.
A comprehensive overview of cognitive communications in wireless sensor A

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networks, this work lays the foundations for readers to participate in a new
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era of research in this emerging field. n
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K12430 t
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ISBN: 978-1-4398-5277-4
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9 781439 852774
K12430_COVER_final.indd 1 8/13/12 2:16 PM

Adaptation in Wireless Communications
Series Editor: Mohamed Ibnkahla
Wireless Sensor Networks: A Cognitive Perspective
Mohamed Ibnkahla
Mohamed Ibnkahla
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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© 2013 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Version Date: 20120809
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-5281-1 (eBook - PDF)
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Contents
Preface.......................................................................................................................ix
Acronyms..............................................................................................................xiii
1 Introduction to Cognitive Approaches in Wireless Sensor Networks......1
1.1. Introduction............................................................................................1
1.1.1. Application.Layer.Requirements............................................3
1.1.2. Physical.Layer.Constraints.and.Requirements....................4
1.1.3. Network.Status.Sensors...........................................................4
1.2. Related.Work...........................................................................................5
1.2.1. Knowledge.Plane.and.Cognitive.Networks..........................6
1.2.2. Cognitive.Techniques.Used.in.Sensor.Networks.................8
1.3. A.Generic.Architecture.for.Cognitive.Wireless.Sensor.
Networks...............................................................................................12
1.3.1. ZigBee.Stack.............................................................................15
1.3.2. Network.Status.Sensors.........................................................15
1.3.3. Inputs.from.the.Physical.Layer.............................................15
1.3.4. Change.Monitoring.Engine...................................................16
1.3.5. Knowledge.Base......................................................................16
1.3.6. Cognitive.Decision-Making.Engine.....................................17
1.3.7. Optimization.Engine..............................................................18
1.3.8. Interaction.among.the.Cognitive.Components..................18
1.4. Conclusion.............................................................................................20
References........................................................................................................21
2 Cognitive Radio Networks and Dynamic Spectrum Access................23
2.1. Introduction..........................................................................................23
2.1.1. History.of.Cognitive.Radio...................................................23
2.1.2. MIMO.and.Cooperative.Diversity.Techniques..................24
2.2. Spectrum.Awareness...........................................................................26
2.2.1. Spectrum.Sensing.Challenges..............................................28
2.2.2. Spectrum.Sensing.Methods..................................................30
2.3. Cooperative.Sensing............................................................................35
2.3.1. Narrowband.Cooperative.Sensing.......................................35
2.3.2. Wideband.Cooperative.Sensing...........................................38
2.4. Dynamic.Spectrum.Access.................................................................39
2.4.1. MIMO.Systems.for.Spectrum.Access...................................41
2.4.2. Cooperative.Spectrum.Access..............................................44
2.5. Conclusion.............................................................................................46
References........................................................................................................46
v
vi Contents
3 Adaptive Modulation, Adaptive Power Allocation, and
Adaptive Medium Access............................................................................51
3.1. Introduction..........................................................................................51
3.2. System.Model........................................................................................53
3.2.1. Information.Source.and.Sink................................................53
3.2.2. Transmitter..............................................................................53
3.2.3. Receiver....................................................................................54
3.2.4. Wireless.Channel....................................................................54
3.2.5. Lognormal.Shadowing.Channel.Model..............................54
3.2.6. Rician.Fading.Channel.Model..............................................55
3.3. Adaptive.Transmission.and.Feedback.Communication.System......55
3.3.1. Introduction.............................................................................55
3.3.2. Adaptive.System.Design........................................................55
3.3.3. Link.Adaptations....................................................................56
3.3.4. Link.Adaptation.for.Energy-Constrained.Networks........57
3.3.5. Adaptive.Techniques..............................................................58
3.4. Multihop.Relay.Network.and.Energy-Constrained.Network.
Analysis.................................................................................................63
3.4.1. Energy.Consumption.with.Adaptation.Techniques..........63
3.4.2. Single-Hop.Discrete.Rate.Continuous.Power.
Adaptation...............................................................................64
3.4.3. Multihop.Relay.Networks.....................................................65
3.4.4. MAC.Layer.Adaptive.Modulation.and.Adaptive.Sleep....69
3.5. Simulation.Examples.and.Illustrations.............................................73
3.5.1. Simulation.Objective..............................................................73
3.5.2. Energy.Optimization.............................................................74
3.5.3. Power.Control.Adaptation.Policies......................................88
3.5.4. Two-Link.Relay.Network.Adaptation..................................88
3.5.5. Performance.of.Commercial.WSN.Nodes...........................92
3.6. Conclusions...........................................................................................96
References........................................................................................................97
4 Cross-Layer Approaches to QoS Routing in Wireless Multihop
Networks.......................................................................................................101
4.1. Introduction........................................................................................101
4.2. Design.Challenges.and.Considerations..........................................103
4.2.1. QoS.Metrics............................................................................103
4.2.2. Design.Challenges................................................................104
4.2.3. Network.Resources.and.Performance.Metrics.................106
4.3. Taxonomy.of.QoS.Routing.Protocols.in.Multihop.Networks.........108
4.3.1. QoS.Routing.in.MANETs....................................................108
4.3.2. QoS.Routing.in.WMNs........................................................114
4.3.3. QoS.Routing.in.VANETs......................................................117
Contents vii
4.3.4. QoS.Routing.in.WSNs..........................................................123
4.3.5. Limitations.to.Routing.Design.across.Different.
Networks................................................................................127
4.4. Comparison.between.QoS.Routing.Protocols...............................128
4.5. Challenges.and.Future.Directions..................................................133
4.6. Conclusions.........................................................................................136
References......................................................................................................136
5 Cognitive Diversity Routing.....................................................................141
5.1. Overview.of.Routing.Protocols.in Wireless.Sensor.Networks.......141
5.1.1. Wireless.Sensor.Network.Routing.Protocols....................141
5.1.2. Energy-Aware.Protocols......................................................144
5.1.3. Diversity.Routing..................................................................147
5.1.4. Cognitive.Protocols..............................................................148
5.2. System.Models....................................................................................149
5.2.1. The.Propagation.Model........................................................150
5.2.2. Network.Lifetime..................................................................151
5.3. Cognitive.Diversity.Routing.............................................................153
5.3.1. Cognitive.Diversity.Routing.Methodology......................153
5.3.2. Implementation.in.OPNET.Modeler.15.0..........................156
5.3.3. Pseudo-Code.for.Cognitive.Diversity.Routing.................157
5.4. Priority.Node.Selection.....................................................................161
5.5. Performance.Evaluation....................................................................163
5.5.1. Grid.Deployment..................................................................165
5.5.2. Deployment.with.Forced.Path............................................172
5.5.3. Random.Deployment...........................................................174
5.5.4. Node.Density.and.Scalability.............................................175
5.5.5. Optimization.........................................................................181
5.5.6. Giving.Emphasis.to.the.Channel.Profile...........................182
5.6. Conclusion...........................................................................................189
References......................................................................................................190
6 Enabling Cognition through Weighted Cognitive Maps....................193
6.1. Introduction........................................................................................193
6.2. Related.Work.......................................................................................194
6.3. Fundamentals.of.WCM.....................................................................195
6.4. Designing.WCMs.to.Achieve.Cognition.in.WSNs........................198
6.4.1. Designing.a.WCM.for.Transmit.Power,.Data.Rate,.
and.Duty.Cycle.Adaptation.................................................199
6.4.2. Designing.a.WCM.to.Guarantee.Connectivity.and.
Coverage.................................................................................203
6.4.3. Designing.a.WCM.for.Congestion.Control.......................205
6.4.4. End-to-End.Goal.and.the.Overall.WCM...........................207
6.5. Simulation.Results.............................................................................209
6.5.1. Evaluation.Using.Uniform.Random.Topology.................210
viii Contents
6.5.2. Evaluation.Using.Bottleneck.Paths....................................214
6.5.3. Complexity.of.the.System....................................................216
6.6. Conclusions.........................................................................................218
References......................................................................................................218
7 Hardware Architecture for GPS/INS-Enabled Wireless Sensor
Networks.......................................................................................................221
7.1. Introduction........................................................................................221
7.2. Hardware.Implementation...............................................................224
7.2.1. GPS.and.INS.Data.Acquisition...........................................224
7.2.2. Navigation.Data.Processing................................................225
7.2.3. Power.Management.MCU...................................................226
7.2.4. Wireless.Radio.Frequency.Transceiver..............................226
7.2.5. Power.Supply.........................................................................227
7.3. System.Software.Design...................................................................228
7.3.1. System.Initialization.............................................................228
7.3.2. System.Power.Management................................................230
7.3.3. DSP.Memory.Allocation......................................................231
7.3.4. ZigBee.Node.Software.Design............................................232
7.4. Test.Results..........................................................................................234
7.4.1. Equipment.and.Setup...........................................................234
7.4.2. Real-Time.Performance.Analysis.......................................236
7.4.3. Random.Error.Modeling......................................................237
7.4.4. Open.Field.Tests....................................................................239
7.5. Conclusion...........................................................................................244
References......................................................................................................245