Wireless Sensor and Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks: Vehicular and Space Applications

253 Pages·2015·7.52 MB·English

by  Driss Benhaddou

Driss Benhaddou · Ala Al-Fuqaha
Editors
Wireless Sensor
and Mobile
Ad-Hoc Networks
Vehicular and Space Applications
Wireless Sensor and Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

Driss Benhaddou • Ala Al-Fuqaha
Editors
Wireless Sensor and Mobile
Ad-Hoc Networks
Vehicular and Space Applications
123
Editors
DrissBenhaddou AlaAl-Fuqaha
EngineeringTechnologyDepartment WesternMichiganUniversity
UniversityofHouston Kalamazoo,MI,USA
CollegeofTechnology
Houston,TX,USA
ISBN978-1-4939-2467-7 ISBN978-1-4939-2468-4 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-1-4939-2468-4
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015932501
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Preface
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is becoming ubiquitous in several applications
including remote health care, fire tracking, integrated system health monitoring
(ISHM), industrial automation, and space, to name a few. Their small size and
pervasive computing characteristics enabled intelligence to be implemented deep
innetwork-centeredapplicationsandsystems.Inparticular,spaceapplicationsare
usingWSNstoensuretheoverallmissions’successfromassetmanagementtocrew
heathmonitoring.Forinstance,spacecrewhealthperformancecanbetrackeddown
usingtelemedicinebytakingadvantageofsensorlocalprocessingandnetworking
capabilities.Thesensorscanmonitortheprofileofkeyvitalsignsofastronautsand
predictwhethertheastronautisattherisktobeinjured.
Implementation of WSN-based systems that provides end-to-end solutions
requiresinnovativeapproachesatdifferentlevelsofoverallsystemimplementation
andintegration.AWSNsysteminvolvescomponentsatdifferentlevelsfromsensor
devices, sensor processing and network interfacing, energy-efficient and reliable
protocolsthatsupportqualityofservice(QoS)requirement,middlewaredesignthat
efficientlycollects,archivesthedata,andmakesitavailableforfurtherprocessing
andvisualization,andapplicationsthatusethedatatomakedecisionpertainingto
a myriad of solutions and applications. In space application, the system should be
autonomous and scalable and support modularity and interoperability. Modularity
is the ability to automatically plug a sensor in the network without the need to
manually configure and set up the system, i.e., plug and play. Interoperability is
very important, since a scalable system should not rely on one technology or one
vendor. Sensor standards, such as IEEE 1451, are being developed to standardize
such interfaces that will enable the implementation of smart sensor networks with
plug and play capability. Scalability is another important characteristic, since we
needtobeabletodealwithalargenumberofsensors(e.g.,thousandsormillions)
and dynamically add or discard a sensor without the need for reconfiguring the
whole system. Autonomy is very important characteristic of system deployed in
space. It should be able to have self-configuration, self-healing, self-management,
andself-update.
v
vi Preface
Concurrently, current network-centered applications are moving toward the
Cyber-PhysicalSystems(CPS)thatdeeplyintegratesensing,control,andnetwork-
ing in physical systems. CPS are expected to be autonomous and bring about
innovations in different physical systems such as vehicular networks, building
management,andsmartgrid,tonameafew.
The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) integrates sensors and microcontrollers in the
vehicles with fixed roadside infrastructure to form an intelligent vehicle grid. The
vehicular cloud provides the communication protocols, computational infrastruc-
ture,services,andapplicationsfortheefficiencyofthevehiclegrid.Thevehicular
cloudresidesontopofthevehiclegridandisthebackboneforitsoperations.The
vehiclegridisessentiallyaVehicularAd-hocNetwork(VANET)ofOn-BoardUnits
(OBUs) in vehicles and Roadside Units (RSUs) in the fixed road infrastructure.
Vehicle OBUs comprise localization systems (e.g., Global Positioning System,
Inertial Measurement Unit, etc.), processing units, sensors, and radio transceivers,
mountedinandaroundthevehicle.RSUsaresensorsandmicrocontrollersinstalled
alongside and in the road, for example, cameras in traffic lights and road signs
and pressure sensors and traffic light actuators on the road. The IEEE standards
and protocols for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) define the
inter-networking for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I)
communications. Commercialization of IoV is dependent upon the safety and
securityoftheapplicationsandservicesofferedtousersthroughthevehiclegrid.
Thisbookpresentsaseriesofchallengesandworkrelatedtotheapplicationof
WSNinspaceandvehicularapplications.Thebookisdividedintothreeparts:PartI
focuses on the fundamentals of WSNs and includes Chaps. 1–4. Part II addresses
applications of WSNs in Space and includes Chaps. 5–7. Part III gathers work of
WSNsinvehicularapplicationsandincludesChaps.8–10.
Chapter 1, entitled “Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks,” coauthored by
Zill-E-HumaKamalandMohammadAliSalahuddinclarifiesthekeyconceptsand
components of WSN architecture and implementations. It delineates the inherent
characteristicsoftheWSNsandtheirsmartsensornodes.Italsodiscussesthedata
delivery models and traffic patterns that instigate the design and development of
novelnetworkarchitectureprotocolsforWSNanddistinguishthemfromitspeers
inotherinfrastructurelesscomputingparadigms.
Chapter 2, entitled “Introduction to Mobile Ad-Hoc and Vehicular Networks,”
coauthoredbyMohamedAyyash,Y.Alsbou,andMohamedAnanpresentsMobile
Ad-hoc Networks (MANET) and their application in VANETs. It introduces their
challenges and presents various protocols and applications tailored for vehicular
networks.
Chapter 3, entitled “Routing in WSNs for Space Application,” coauthored by
MohamedRiduanAbidandDrissBenhaddoudescribesroutingprotocolsinWSN
andthechallengesassociatedwiththem.Itclassifiesdifferentprotocolsandpresents
indetailtheenergyefficiencycomponentsoftheseprotocols.
Chapter 4, entitled “Middleware Architecture in WSN,” coauthored by Mehdia
AjanaElKhaddarAjana,HamidHarroud,MohammedBoulmalf,andMohammed
ElkoutbiaddressesthemiddlewaredesignandrelatedissuesinWSN.Middleware
Preface vii
plays a key role in data collection, processing, and archiving of data for further
processingandanalysis.Italsoexaminesvariousapproachesofmiddlewaredesign,
compares,andsuggestsdifferenttypesofapplicationswhereeachapproachcanbe
used. Finally, it proposes an enhanced middleware framework: FlexRFID for the
integrationofRFIDandWSN.
Chapter 5, entitled “Space Applications of Low-Power Active Wireless Sensor
Networks and Passive RFID Tags,” coauthored by Richard J. Barton, Raymond
S. Wagner, and Patrick W. Fink details the work developed in NASA JSC and
includes low-power active WSN technology, standards, and space applications;
rapid prototyping and testing of low-power active WSN devices and systems
at NASA JSC; comparative performance evaluation of ZigBee and ISA100.11a
in space habitat environment analogs; and passive RFID inventory tracking and
sensingtechnologies,standards,andspaceapplications.
Chapter 6, entitled “Predictive Data Reduction in Wireless Sensor Network
Using Selective Filtering for Engine Monitoring,” coauthored by David James
McCorrie, Elena Gaura, Keith Burnham, Nigel Poole, and Roger Hazelden exam-
ines the application predictive data reduction in WSNs. Since transmissions con-
sumealargeportionofanode’senergybudget,reducingthedatatransmittedinthe
networkhasanadvantageofincreasingtheoverallnetworklifetime.Anewmethod
for selective filtering of sensed data based on state identification is devised, using
a skewed double exponentially weighted moving average filter for accurate state
predictions.
Chapter 7, entitled “Space Crew Health Monitoring,” authored by Azhar Rafiq
focuses on crew health monitoring system in space application. With NASA’s
VisionforSpaceExplorationthatwilllastalengthymissionsbeyondthelimitsof
evacuationorearth-basedmedicalresponse,thereisaneedforcapabilitiesthatare
autonomous medical practice. This chapter will present a system within a system
where noninvasive physiological sensors are integrated into the larger computer
systemofNASA’sMIIIsuitcombiningcommunications,avionics,andinformatics.
Physiologicalmonitoringprovidesaninfrastructureforhealthmanagementbetween
crewmemberperformingEVAandthespacecraft.
Chapter 8, entitled “AGORA: A Versatile Framework for the Development of
Intelligent Transportation System Applications,” coauthored by Mohammad Ali
Salahuddin and Ala Al-Fuqaha deals with the AGORA platform for VANET
applications. It is a novel framework for Intelligent Transportation Systems that
interconnects wireless devices with pedestrians and vehicles through its infras-
tructure and its cloud services. The chapter presents a detailed discussion of the
hardwareandsoftwarecomponentsofAGORAarchitecture,followedbyathorough
discussion of the suite of accompanying ITS applications and its development
environment.
Chapter9,entitled“Model,Analysis,andImprovementsforInter-VehicleCom-
municationUsingOne-HopPeriodicBroadcastingBasedonthe802.11pProtocol,”
coauthored by Tseesuren Batsuuri, Reinder J. Bril, and Johan J. Lukkien presents
models, analysis, and improvements in support of inter-vehicle communication
viii Preface
using IEEE 802.11p. The chapter also describes and evaluates one-hop Periodic
BroadcastCommunication(oPBC)technologyforsafetyapplications.
Chapter10,entitled“ASurveyofSecurityandPrivacyinConnectedVehicles,”
coauthoredbyLotfiBenOthmane,HaroldWeffers,MohdMurtadhaMohamad,and
MarkoWolfoverviewssecurityissuesinWSNandVANETapplications.Thework
provides a taxonomy for security and privacy aspects of connected vehicle. The
aspectsincludesecurityofcommunicationlinks,datavalidity,securityofdevices,
identityandliability,accesscontrol,andprivacyofdriversandvehicles.Italsouses
taxonomytoclassifythemainthreatstoconnectedvehicles,andexistingsolutions
thataddressthethreats.
Wewouldliketoacknowledgethecontributionofcollaborators,colleagues,and
studentswhohavedirectlyandindirectlyimpactedthedevelopmentofthematerial
inthisbook.
Houston,TX,USA DrissBenhaddou
Kalamazoo,MI,USA AlaAl-Fuqaha
Contents
PartI Overview,ArchitectureandEnablingTechnologies
IntroductiontoWirelessSensorNetworks.................................... 3
Zill-E-HumaKamalandMohammadAliSalahuddin
IntroductiontoMobileAd-HocandVehicularNetworks ................... 33
MohamedAyyash,Y.Alsbou,andMohamedAnan
RoutinginWSNsforSpaceApplication....................................... 47
MohamedRiduanAbidandDrissBenhaddou
MiddlewareArchitectureinWSN.............................................. 69
MehdiaElKhaddarAjana, HamidHarroud,
MohammedBoulmalf,andMohammedElkoutbi
PartII SpaceApplications
Space Applications of Low-Power Active Wireless Sensor
NetworksandPassiveRFIDTags.............................................. 97
RichardJ.Barton,RaymondS.Wagner,andPatrickW.Fink
PredictiveDataReductioninWirelessSensorNetworksUsing
SelectiveFilteringforEngineMonitoring..................................... 129
DavidJamesMcCorrie,ElenaGaura,KeithBurnham,NigelPoole,
andRogerHazelden
SpaceCrewHealthMonitoring................................................. 149
AzharRafiq
PartIII VehicularApplications
AGORA: A Versatile Framework for the Development
ofIntelligentTransportationSystemApplications........................... 163
MohammadAliSalahuddinandAlaAl-Fuqaha
ix