Wireless Sensor and Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks: Vehicular and Space Applications PDF
Preview Wireless Sensor and Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks: Vehicular and Space Applications
Driss Benhaddou · Ala Al-Fuqaha Editors Wireless Sensor and Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks Vehicular and Space Applications Wireless Sensor and Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks Driss Benhaddou • Ala Al-Fuqaha Editors Wireless Sensor and Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks Vehicular and Space Applications 123 Editors DrissBenhaddou AlaAl-Fuqaha EngineeringTechnologyDepartment WesternMichiganUniversity UniversityofHouston Kalamazoo,MI,USA CollegeofTechnology Houston,TX,USA ISBN978-1-4939-2467-7 ISBN978-1-4939-2468-4 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-1-4939-2468-4 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015932501 SpringerNewYorkHeidelbergDordrechtLondon ©SpringerNewYork2015 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerScience+BusinessMediaLLCNewYorkispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia (www.springer.com) Preface Wireless sensor network (WSN) is becoming ubiquitous in several applications including remote health care, fire tracking, integrated system health monitoring (ISHM), industrial automation, and space, to name a few. Their small size and pervasive computing characteristics enabled intelligence to be implemented deep innetwork-centeredapplicationsandsystems.Inparticular,spaceapplicationsare usingWSNstoensuretheoverallmissions’successfromassetmanagementtocrew heathmonitoring.Forinstance,spacecrewhealthperformancecanbetrackeddown usingtelemedicinebytakingadvantageofsensorlocalprocessingandnetworking capabilities.Thesensorscanmonitortheprofileofkeyvitalsignsofastronautsand predictwhethertheastronautisattherisktobeinjured. Implementation of WSN-based systems that provides end-to-end solutions requiresinnovativeapproachesatdifferentlevelsofoverallsystemimplementation andintegration.AWSNsysteminvolvescomponentsatdifferentlevelsfromsensor devices, sensor processing and network interfacing, energy-efficient and reliable protocolsthatsupportqualityofservice(QoS)requirement,middlewaredesignthat efficientlycollects,archivesthedata,andmakesitavailableforfurtherprocessing andvisualization,andapplicationsthatusethedatatomakedecisionpertainingto a myriad of solutions and applications. In space application, the system should be autonomous and scalable and support modularity and interoperability. Modularity is the ability to automatically plug a sensor in the network without the need to manually configure and set up the system, i.e., plug and play. Interoperability is very important, since a scalable system should not rely on one technology or one vendor. Sensor standards, such as IEEE 1451, are being developed to standardize such interfaces that will enable the implementation of smart sensor networks with plug and play capability. Scalability is another important characteristic, since we needtobeabletodealwithalargenumberofsensors(e.g.,thousandsormillions) and dynamically add or discard a sensor without the need for reconfiguring the whole system. Autonomy is very important characteristic of system deployed in space. It should be able to have self-configuration, self-healing, self-management, andself-update. v vi Preface Concurrently, current network-centered applications are moving toward the Cyber-PhysicalSystems(CPS)thatdeeplyintegratesensing,control,andnetwork- ing in physical systems. CPS are expected to be autonomous and bring about innovations in different physical systems such as vehicular networks, building management,andsmartgrid,tonameafew. The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) integrates sensors and microcontrollers in the vehicles with fixed roadside infrastructure to form an intelligent vehicle grid. The vehicular cloud provides the communication protocols, computational infrastruc- ture,services,andapplicationsfortheefficiencyofthevehiclegrid.Thevehicular cloudresidesontopofthevehiclegridandisthebackboneforitsoperations.The vehiclegridisessentiallyaVehicularAd-hocNetwork(VANET)ofOn-BoardUnits (OBUs) in vehicles and Roadside Units (RSUs) in the fixed road infrastructure. Vehicle OBUs comprise localization systems (e.g., Global Positioning System, Inertial Measurement Unit, etc.), processing units, sensors, and radio transceivers, mountedinandaroundthevehicle.RSUsaresensorsandmicrocontrollersinstalled alongside and in the road, for example, cameras in traffic lights and road signs and pressure sensors and traffic light actuators on the road. The IEEE standards and protocols for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) define the inter-networking for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications. Commercialization of IoV is dependent upon the safety and securityoftheapplicationsandservicesofferedtousersthroughthevehiclegrid. Thisbookpresentsaseriesofchallengesandworkrelatedtotheapplicationof WSNinspaceandvehicularapplications.Thebookisdividedintothreeparts:PartI focuses on the fundamentals of WSNs and includes Chaps. 1–4. Part II addresses applications of WSNs in Space and includes Chaps. 5–7. Part III gathers work of WSNsinvehicularapplicationsandincludesChaps.8–10. Chapter 1, entitled “Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks,” coauthored by Zill-E-HumaKamalandMohammadAliSalahuddinclarifiesthekeyconceptsand components of WSN architecture and implementations. It delineates the inherent characteristicsoftheWSNsandtheirsmartsensornodes.Italsodiscussesthedata delivery models and traffic patterns that instigate the design and development of novelnetworkarchitectureprotocolsforWSNanddistinguishthemfromitspeers inotherinfrastructurelesscomputingparadigms. Chapter 2, entitled “Introduction to Mobile Ad-Hoc and Vehicular Networks,” coauthoredbyMohamedAyyash,Y.Alsbou,andMohamedAnanpresentsMobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET) and their application in VANETs. It introduces their challenges and presents various protocols and applications tailored for vehicular networks. Chapter 3, entitled “Routing in WSNs for Space Application,” coauthored by MohamedRiduanAbidandDrissBenhaddoudescribesroutingprotocolsinWSN andthechallengesassociatedwiththem.Itclassifiesdifferentprotocolsandpresents indetailtheenergyefficiencycomponentsoftheseprotocols. Chapter 4, entitled “Middleware Architecture in WSN,” coauthored by Mehdia AjanaElKhaddarAjana,HamidHarroud,MohammedBoulmalf,andMohammed ElkoutbiaddressesthemiddlewaredesignandrelatedissuesinWSN.Middleware Preface vii plays a key role in data collection, processing, and archiving of data for further processingandanalysis.Italsoexaminesvariousapproachesofmiddlewaredesign, compares,andsuggestsdifferenttypesofapplicationswhereeachapproachcanbe used. Finally, it proposes an enhanced middleware framework: FlexRFID for the integrationofRFIDandWSN. Chapter 5, entitled “Space Applications of Low-Power Active Wireless Sensor Networks and Passive RFID Tags,” coauthored by Richard J. Barton, Raymond S. Wagner, and Patrick W. Fink details the work developed in NASA JSC and includes low-power active WSN technology, standards, and space applications; rapid prototyping and testing of low-power active WSN devices and systems at NASA JSC; comparative performance evaluation of ZigBee and ISA100.11a in space habitat environment analogs; and passive RFID inventory tracking and sensingtechnologies,standards,andspaceapplications. Chapter 6, entitled “Predictive Data Reduction in Wireless Sensor Network Using Selective Filtering for Engine Monitoring,” coauthored by David James McCorrie, Elena Gaura, Keith Burnham, Nigel Poole, and Roger Hazelden exam- ines the application predictive data reduction in WSNs. Since transmissions con- sumealargeportionofanode’senergybudget,reducingthedatatransmittedinthe networkhasanadvantageofincreasingtheoverallnetworklifetime.Anewmethod for selective filtering of sensed data based on state identification is devised, using a skewed double exponentially weighted moving average filter for accurate state predictions. Chapter 7, entitled “Space Crew Health Monitoring,” authored by Azhar Rafiq focuses on crew health monitoring system in space application. With NASA’s VisionforSpaceExplorationthatwilllastalengthymissionsbeyondthelimitsof evacuationorearth-basedmedicalresponse,thereisaneedforcapabilitiesthatare autonomous medical practice. This chapter will present a system within a system where noninvasive physiological sensors are integrated into the larger computer systemofNASA’sMIIIsuitcombiningcommunications,avionics,andinformatics. Physiologicalmonitoringprovidesaninfrastructureforhealthmanagementbetween crewmemberperformingEVAandthespacecraft. Chapter 8, entitled “AGORA: A Versatile Framework for the Development of Intelligent Transportation System Applications,” coauthored by Mohammad Ali Salahuddin and Ala Al-Fuqaha deals with the AGORA platform for VANET applications. It is a novel framework for Intelligent Transportation Systems that interconnects wireless devices with pedestrians and vehicles through its infras- tructure and its cloud services. The chapter presents a detailed discussion of the hardwareandsoftwarecomponentsofAGORAarchitecture,followedbyathorough discussion of the suite of accompanying ITS applications and its development environment. Chapter9,entitled“Model,Analysis,andImprovementsforInter-VehicleCom- municationUsingOne-HopPeriodicBroadcastingBasedonthe802.11pProtocol,” coauthored by Tseesuren Batsuuri, Reinder J. Bril, and Johan J. Lukkien presents models, analysis, and improvements in support of inter-vehicle communication viii Preface using IEEE 802.11p. The chapter also describes and evaluates one-hop Periodic BroadcastCommunication(oPBC)technologyforsafetyapplications. Chapter10,entitled“ASurveyofSecurityandPrivacyinConnectedVehicles,” coauthoredbyLotfiBenOthmane,HaroldWeffers,MohdMurtadhaMohamad,and MarkoWolfoverviewssecurityissuesinWSNandVANETapplications.Thework provides a taxonomy for security and privacy aspects of connected vehicle. The aspectsincludesecurityofcommunicationlinks,datavalidity,securityofdevices, identityandliability,accesscontrol,andprivacyofdriversandvehicles.Italsouses taxonomytoclassifythemainthreatstoconnectedvehicles,andexistingsolutions thataddressthethreats. Wewouldliketoacknowledgethecontributionofcollaborators,colleagues,and studentswhohavedirectlyandindirectlyimpactedthedevelopmentofthematerial inthisbook. Houston,TX,USA DrissBenhaddou Kalamazoo,MI,USA AlaAl-Fuqaha Contents PartI Overview,ArchitectureandEnablingTechnologies IntroductiontoWirelessSensorNetworks.................................... 3 Zill-E-HumaKamalandMohammadAliSalahuddin IntroductiontoMobileAd-HocandVehicularNetworks ................... 33 MohamedAyyash,Y.Alsbou,andMohamedAnan RoutinginWSNsforSpaceApplication....................................... 47 MohamedRiduanAbidandDrissBenhaddou MiddlewareArchitectureinWSN.............................................. 69 MehdiaElKhaddarAjana, HamidHarroud, MohammedBoulmalf,andMohammedElkoutbi PartII SpaceApplications Space Applications of Low-Power Active Wireless Sensor NetworksandPassiveRFIDTags.............................................. 97 RichardJ.Barton,RaymondS.Wagner,andPatrickW.Fink PredictiveDataReductioninWirelessSensorNetworksUsing SelectiveFilteringforEngineMonitoring..................................... 129 DavidJamesMcCorrie,ElenaGaura,KeithBurnham,NigelPoole, andRogerHazelden SpaceCrewHealthMonitoring................................................. 149 AzharRafiq PartIII VehicularApplications AGORA: A Versatile Framework for the Development ofIntelligentTransportationSystemApplications........................... 163 MohammadAliSalahuddinandAlaAl-Fuqaha ix
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