Wireless Personal Communications: Bluetooth and Other Technologies

276 Pages·2002·28.362 MB·English

by  Marin Stoytchev, Hugo Safar (auth.), William H. Tranter, Brian D. Woerner, Jeffrey H. Reed, Theodore S. Rappaport, Max Robert (eds.)

WIRELESS
PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
BLUETOOTH AND
OTHER TECHNOLOGIES
THE KLUWER INTERNATIONAL SERIES
IN ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE
WIRELESS
PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
BLUETOOTH AND
OTHER TECHNOLOGIES
edited by
William H. Tranter
Brian D. Woerner
Jeffrey H. Reed
Theodore S. Rappaport
Max Robert
Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS
NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE ix
I. FRONTIERS IN PROPAGATION
1. Statistics of the Temporal Variations in the Wireless Transmission 1
Channel in Indoor Environment
Marin Stoytchev and Hugo Safar
2. UHF-Radio Propagation Predictor for Temporal Variations In 11
Populated Indoor Environments
F. Villanese, W. G. Scanlon, and N. E. Evans
3. An Improved Approach for Performance Evaluation of the Downlink of 23
DS-CDMA PCS IndoorSystems with Distributed Antennas
M.R. Hueda, C. E. Rodriguet, and C. A. Marques
4. Fast and Enhanced Ray Optical Propagation Modeling for Radio 35
Network Planning in Urban and Indoor Scenarios
R. Hoppe, P. Wertz, G. Wölfle, and F. M. Landstorfer
5. Indoor Propagation Analysis Techniques for Characterisation of 45
Ultra-Wideband RF Environments
David J. Hall
6. Propagation Signatures to Characterize Wideband Environments 57
Gregory Martin
II. SPATIAL PROCESSING
7. Smart Antennas for CDMA Cellular and PCS Networks 67
Scot Gordon, Marty Feuerstein, Donn Harvey, and Michael Zhao
8. Key Techniques Realizing Smart Antenna Hardware for Microcell 77
Communication Systems
Keizo Cho, Kentaro Nishimori, Yasushi Takatori, and Toshikazu Hori
9. Downlink Capacity Enhancement in GSM System Using Multiple 89
Beam Smart Antenna and SWR Implementation
Wei Wang, Mohamed Ahmed, Samy Mahmoud, and Roshdy H. M. Hafez
vi
10. Generalized Equations for Spatial Correlation for Low to Moderate 101
Angle Spread
R. Michael Buehrer
11. Exploitation of InternodeMlMO ChannelDiversity in 109
Spatially-Distributed Multipoint Communication Networks
Brian G. Agee
12. Design of 16-QAM Space-Time Codes for Rapid Rayleigh Fading Channels 121
Salam A. Zummo and Saud A. Al-Semari
13. Transmit Diversity With More Than Two Antennas 131
R. Michael Buehrer, Robert A. Soni, and Quinn Li
14. Reduced Complexity Space-Time OptimumProcessing 145
Jens Jelitto, Marcus Bronzel, and Gerhard Fettweis
III. NETWORK SYSTEMDESIGN
15. Wireless Personal Communications SystemPlanning Using 157
Combinatorial Optimisation
Joseph K. L. Wong, Michael J. Neve, and Kevin W. Sowerby
16. Frequency Planning and Adjacent Channel Interference in a 169
DSSS Wireless Local AreaNetwork(WLAN)
D. Leskaroski and W. B. Mikhael
17. Modeling and Simulation of Wireless Packet Erasure Channels 181
GüntherLiebl, Thomas Stockhammer, and Frank Burkert
18. Reducing Handover Probability Through Mobile Positioning 193
Stamatis Kourtis and Rahim Tafazolli
19. Multi-userDetection Using the Iteration Algorithm in 205
Fast-Fading Channels
Sun-Jin Yeom and Yong-Wan Park
vii
IV. NEXT GENERATION A ND B EYOND
20. FPGA DSP for Wireless Communication 217
Chris Dick and fred harris
21. Signal Processing Requirements of the TDD Terminal 229
Stamatis Kourtis, Patrick McAndrew, and Phil Tottle
22. Frame Quality-Based Versus Forward Power Control 239
Methods for the cdma2000 Third Generation Standard
Steven P. Nicoloso, Mike Mettke, and R. Michael Buehrer
V. BLUETOOTH: A SHORT TUTORIAL
Max Robert
Introduction 249
Bluetooth Overview 249
Technical Overview 250
Critical Perspective 264
Conclusion 265
Appendices
A – Packet Format 266
B – Packet Description 267
INDEX 271
PREFACE
The papers presented in this book were originallypresented at the 10th Virginia Tech/MPRG
Symposium on Wireless Personal Communications, which was held on the Virginia Tech campus
June 14-16, 2000. This year’s Symposium was sponsored by Virginia Tech’s Mobile and Portable
Radio Research Group (MPRG), the Virginia Tech Division of Continuing Education, and the
MPRG Industrial Affiliates Program. The IEEE Virginia Mountain Section and the Virginia
Tech Joint Student Chapter of the IEEE Communications and Vehicular Technology Societies
provided technical co-sponsorship.
Much of the success of our annual symposium, as well as the success of MPRG’s research and
education program, are directly due to the support of our industrial affiliates. The support that is
provided by the industrial affiliates program allows MPRG to serve the wireless community
through research, education, and outreach activities. MPRG’s industrial affiliates include the
following organizations: Analog Devices, Inc., Anaren Microwave, Inc., the Army Research
Office, AT&T Corporation, BAE Systems, BellSouth Cellular Corporation, Comcast Cellular
Communications, Inc., Datum, Inc., Ericsson, Inc., Grayson Wireless, Hughes Electronics
Corporation, ITT Industries, LGIC, Inc., Lucent Technologies, Inc., Motorola, Inc., Nokia, Inc.,
Nortel Networks, Qualcomm, Inc., Raytheon Systems Company, Samsung Advanced Institute of
Technology, Southwestern Bell, Tantivy Communications, Inc., Tektronix, Inc., Telcordia
Technologies, Texas Instruments, and Wavtrace, Inc.
In 1999, the Wireless Symposium was expanded to include a tutorial course. This activityproved
popular and was continued in 2000. This year’s tutorial was targeted on the emerging technology
known as Bluetooth. A summary of the tutorial notes follow and is included as the last section of
this book.
Twenty-two papers were presented at the 2000 symposium and are divided into fivegroups. The
first group of six papers deals with propagation, both indoor and outdoor. The first paper,
Statistics of the Temporal Variations in the Wireless Transmission Channel in Indoor
Environments by Martin Stoytchev and Hugo Safar,examines the temporal behavior of an indoor
channel at 2.8 GHz. They find that the received power is well defined by a Ricean model and
that an unexpected increase in the received SNR occurs when people are present in the building.
The second paper, UHF-Radio Propagation Predictor for Temporal Variations in Populated
Indoor Environments by F. Villanese, W. G. Scanlon, and N. E. Evans, implements an
improvement in site-specific ray-tracing models by including the presence of moving human
bodies in the model. They found large temporal variations due to human body movement. If
antennas are close to the body, such as one finds in Bluetooth applications, a reduction in
received power occurs due to antenna-body interaction. The third paper, An Improved Approach
for Performance Evaluation of the Downlink of DS-CDMA PCS Indoor Systems with Distributed
Antennas by M. R. Hueda, C. E. Rodriguez, and C. A. Marques, examines the performance of the
forward link of a DS-CDMA system having distributed antennas in an indoor channel
environment. They show the inadequacies of the Gaussian approximation for interference and
propose a more accurate model to describe the effect of IPI (interpath interference) on the bit
error rate and the frameerror rate. The fourthpaper in the propagation group, Fast and Enhanced
Ray Optical Propagation Modeling for Radio Network Planning in Urban and Indoor Scenarios
by R. Hoppe, P. Wertz, G. Wolfle, and F. M. Landstorfer, describe a computationally efficient ray
optical model. The model is implemented for both indoor and urban environments, and the
model performance is compared against measurements. The next contribution, Indoor
Propagation Analysis Techniques for Characterization of Ultra-Wideband RF Environments by
David J. Hall, presents a number of statistics for ultra-wideband RF environments. The pathloss
x
and the delay spread are characterized, and the performance gain as a function of the number of
correlators, is discussed. The last paper, Propagation Signatures to Characterize Wideband
Environments by Gregory Martin, introduces the concept of the propagation signature for
summarizing the large quantity of data collected in a wideband propagation measurement
program.
The second set of papers deals with the techniques and applications of spatial processing. Scot
Gordon, Many Feuerstein, Donn Harvey, and Michael Zhao contribute the first of these papers,
Smart Antennas for CDMA Cellular and PCS Networks. The authors point out how a smart
antenna for CDMA equalizes loading across sectors, which improves sectorization efficiency by
balancing traffic load and decreasing handoff overhead. The following paper, Key Techniques
Realizing Smart Antenna Hardware for Microcell Communication Systems by Keizo Cho,
Kentaro Nishimori, Yasuhi Takatori, and Toshikazu Hori, summarizes techniques for selecting
the number of antenna elements, simplifying hardware, reducing cost, and establishing system
calibration. The next paper, Downlink Capacity Enhancement in GSM System Using Multiple
Beam Smart Antenna and SWR Implementation by Wei Wang, Mohamed Ahmed, Samy
Mahmoud, and Roshdy H. M. Hafez,demonstrates that smart antennas can significantly increase
the network capacity of a CDMA cellular system. This paper is followed by a paper contributed
by R. Michael Buehrer entitled Generalized Equations for Spatial Correlation for Low to
Moderate Angle Spread. The focus of this paper is the development of generalized expressions
approximating the spatial correlation for three angular wavefront distributions. The next paper in
this section, Exploitation of Internode MIMO Channel Diversity in Spatially-Distributed
Multipoint Communication Networks by Brian G. Agee, demonstrates that multiple-input,
multiple-output (MIMO) networks can provide significant improvements in capacity over point-
to-point links. This paper is followed by Design of 16-QAM Space-Time Codes in Rapid Rayleigh
Fading Channels by Salam A. Zummo and Saud A. Al-Semari, whichexplores the use of space-
time codes, based on a 16-QAM signal set, for performance enhancement in a fast fading
environment. Two different code design techniques are provided, trellis encoding and I-Q
encoding. Coding gains of approximately 3dB are achieved. A new diversity technique, referred
to as space-time spreading, is investigated in the paper Transmit Diversity With More Than Two
Antennas by R. Michael Buehrer, Robert A. Soni, and Quinn Li. Their results show that potential
benefits are achieved by increasing the number of antennas at the mobile station. The last paper
in this group, Reduced Complexity Space-Time Optimum Processing by Jens Jelitto, Marcus
Bronzel, and Gerhard Fettweis, analyzes spatial correlation properties and investigates the signal
processing requirements for designing space-time optimumreceivers.
The next set of contributions, consisting of five papers, treats system design and networking
issues. The first of these papers, Wireless Personal Communications System Planning Using
Combinatorial Optimization, by Joseph K. L. Wong, Michael J. Neve, and Kevin W. Sowerby,
considers combinatorial optimization techniques for system design. A simple test problem,
consisting of system deployment on a single floor of a building, is presented. The suggested
optimization technique produces useful results. The next paper, Frequency Planning and
Adjacent Channel Interference in a DSSS Wireless Local Area Network (LAN) by D. Leskaroski
and W. B. Mikhael, illustrates a theoretical model of 802.11 DS channelization given that
channels are arranged in a staggered and overlapped fashion. Emphasis is on the 2.4 GHz ISM
frequencyband. The proposed technique results in improved capacity while maintaining minimal
interference. The third paper in this group, Modeling and Simulation of Wireless Packet Erasure
Channels by Gunther Liebl, Thomas Stockhammer, and Frank Burkert, presents a model for
wireless packet erasure channels. The model can be used for both theoretical analysis and for
real-time simulation of network protocol performance. The fourth paper, Reducing Handover
Probability Through Mobile Positioning by Stamatis Kourtis and Rahim Tafazolli, examines the
xi
mechanism by which unnecessary handovers occur and proposes a technique for combating
unnecessary handovers. The final paper in this group is by Sun-Jin Yeom and Yong-Wan Park
and is entitled Multi-user Detection Using the Iteration Algorithm in Fast-Fading Channels. This
contribution introduces a new interference cancellation scheme for multi-user DS/CDMA. They
show improved performance with reduced complexity.
The last group of papers consists of three contributions. These treat a variety of implementation,
signal processing, and third-generation issues. The fust of these papers, FPGA DSP for Wireless
Communication by Chris Dick and fred hams, focuses on reconfigurable software defined radios
developed using FPGA architectures. Particular attention is paid to the implementation of digital
filters, including multi-rate filters and carrier recovery loops. The second paper in this group,
contributed by Stamatis Kourtis, Patrick McAndrew, and Phil Tottle, is titled Signal Processing
Requirements for the TDD Terminal. The authors of this paper consider technology requirements
for the 30 PP-TDD terminal. The architecture is described and complexity issues are discussed.
The last paper in this group, Frame Quality-Based Versus Eb/No-Based Forward Power Control
Methods for the cdma2000 Third Generation Standard by Steven P. Nicoloso, Mike Mettke, and
R. Michael Buehrer, shows that forward loop power control provides substantial capacity gains at
low speeds where forwarderror control provides only moderate gains. They also consider the
difficult problem of time correlated shadowing.
The final section of this volume consists of a brief tutorial on Bluetooth, a standard defining an
infrastructure for wireless devices with a very short operating range. The tutorial discusses the
application potential of Bluetooth and the general environment in which Bluetooth is designed to
operate. The protocol stack, the software interface, the RF specification, and Bluetooth’s
interoperability with other communication standards is also discussed.
A successful symposium, and consequently the papers contained herein, result from the
significant efforts of a dedicated team of people. Our first thanks go to those who submitted
papers and those who attended the symposium. Without a strong technical program, the
symposium could not continue to prosper. The MPRG staff and graduate students also deserve
special thanks. The efforts of Jenny Frank, who year-after-year takes the lead for organizing the
symposium, keeping the faculty on schedule, and tending to the vast quantity of details associated
with the symposium, are gratefullyappreciated.
The editors also wish to thank Jennifer Evans of Kluwer Academic Publishers for her support in
bringing this book to press.
Blacksburg, VA William H. Tranter
Brian D. Woerner
Jeffrey H. Reed
Theodore S. Rappaport
Max Robert