Wireless Networking - Know it All

573 Pages·2007·14.31 MB·English

Wireless Networking
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Newnes Know It All Series
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Lucio Di Jasio, Tim Wilmshurst, Dogan Ibrahim, John Morton,
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Wireless Networking: Know It All
Praphul Chandra, Daniel M. Dobkin, Alan Bensky, Ron Olexa,
David A. Lide, and Farid Dowla
ISBN: 978-0-7506-8582-5
RF & Wireless Technologies: Know It All
Bruce Fette, Roberto Aiello, Praphul Chandra, Daniel M. Dobkin,
Alan Bensky, Douglas Miron, David A. Lide, Farid Dowla, and Ron Olexa
ISBN: 978-0-7506-8581-8
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Wireless Networking
Praphul Chandra
Daniel M. Dobkin
Alan Bensky
Ron Olexa
David A. Lide
Farid Dowla
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON
NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO
SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
Chandra, Praphul.
Wireless networking / Praphul Chandra, Ron Olexa, Alan Bensky.
p. cm. -- (The Newnes know it all series)
Includes index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-7506-8582-5 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Wireless communication
systems. I. Olexa, Ron. II. Bensky, Alan, 1939- III. Title.
TK5103.2.C447 2007
621.384--dc22
2007029327
ISBN: 978-0-7506-8582-5
For information on all Newnes publications
visit our Web site at www.books.elsevier.com
07 08 09 10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in the United States of America
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Contents
About the Authors ..........................................................................................................xi
Chapter 1. Basics of Wireless Communications .........................................................................1
1.1 Harmonic Signals and Exponentials ..............................................................................1
1.2 Electromagnetic Waves and Multiplexing .....................................................................5
1.3 Modulation and Bandwidth ...........................................................................................9
1.4 Wireless Link Overview: Systems, Power, Noise, and Link Budgets .........................36
1.5 Capsule Summary: Chapter 1 ......................................................................................44
Further Reading ..................................................................................................................44
Chapter 2. Basics of Wireless Local Area Networks ................................................................47
2.1 Networks Large and Small ..........................................................................................47
2.2 WLANs from LANs ....................................................................................................50
2.3 802.11 WLANs ...........................................................................................................52
2.4 HiperLAN and HiperLAN 2 ........................................................................................81
2.5 From LANs to PANs ...................................................................................................82
2.6 Capsule Summary: Chapter 2 ......................................................................................93
2.7 Further Reading ...........................................................................................................94
Chapter 3. Radio Transmitters and Receivers ...........................................................................97
3.1 Overview of Radios .....................................................................................................97
3.2 Radio Components ....................................................................................................104
3.3 Radio System Design ................................................................................................158
3.4 Examples of Radio Chips and Chipsets ....................................................................165
3.5 Summary ...................................................................................................................177
3.6 Further Reading RFIC ...............................................................................................177
Chapter 4. Radio Propagation .................................................................................................181
4.1 Mechanisms of Radio Wave Propagation ..................................................................181
4.2 Open Field Propagation .............................................................................................183
4.3 Diffraction .................................................................................................................185
4.4 Scattering ...................................................................................................................186
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vi Contents
4.5 Path Loss .................................................................................................................187
4.6 Multipath Phenomena .............................................................................................189
4.7 Flat Fading ...............................................................................................................190
4.8 Diversity Techniques ...............................................................................................192
4.9 Noise ........................................................................................................................196
4.10 Summary .................................................................................................................198
References ........................................................................................................................199
Chapter 5. Antennas and Transmission Lines .........................................................................201
5.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................201
5.2 Antenna Characteristics ...........................................................................................201
5.3 Types of Antennas ...................................................................................................206
5.4 Impedance Matching ...............................................................................................212
5.5 Measuring Techniques .............................................................................................223
5.6 Summary .................................................................................................................226
References ......................................................................................................................227
Chapter 6. Communication Protocols and Modulation ...........................................................229
6.1 Baseband Data Format and Protocol .......................................................................229
6.2 Baseband Coding .....................................................................................................237
6.3 RF Frequency and Bandwidth .................................................................................241
6.4 Modulation ..............................................................................................................243
6.5 RFID ........................................................................................................................261
6.6 Summary .................................................................................................................262
References ......................................................................................................................262
Chapter 7. High-Speed Wireless Data: System Types, Standards-Based and
Proprietary Solutions .............................................................................................263
7.1 Fixed Networks .......................................................................................................263
7.2 Nomadic Networks ..................................................................................................264
7.3 Mobile Networks .....................................................................................................265
7.4 Standards-Based Solutions and Proprietary Solutions ............................................266
7.5 Overview of the IEEE 802.11 Standard ..................................................................266
7.6 Overview of the IEEE 802.16 Standard ..................................................................271
7.7 10–66 GHz Technical Standards ..............................................................................273
7.8 2–11 GHz Standards ................................................................................................274
7.9 Overview of the IEEE 802.20 Standard ..................................................................274
7.10 Proprietary Solutions ...............................................................................................275
Chapter 8. Propagation Modeling and Measuring ..................................................................285
8.1 Predictive Modeling Tools.......................................................................................285
8.2 Spreadsheet Models .................................................................................................286
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Contents vii
8.3 Terrain-Based Models .............................................................................................287
8.4 Effectively Using a Propagation Analysis Program ................................................287
8.5 Using a Predictive Model ........................................................................................291
8.6 The Comprehensive Site Survey Process ................................................................295
8.7 Survey Activity Outline ...........................................................................................296
8.8 Identifi cation of Requirements ................................................................................298
8.9 Identifi cation of Equipment Requirements .............................................................299
8.10 The Physical Site Survey .........................................................................................300
8.11 Determination of Antenna Locations ......................................................................301
8.12 RF Site Survey Tools ...............................................................................................303
8.13 The Site Survey Checklist .......................................................................................305
8.14 The RF Survey .........................................................................................................305
8.15 Data Analysis ..........................................................................................................308
Chapter 9. Indoor Networks ....................................................................................................313
9.1 Behind Closed Doors ..............................................................................................313
9.2 How Buildings Are Built (with W. Charles Perry, P.E.) ..........................................313
9.3 Microwave Properties of Building Materials ..........................................................323
9.4 Realistic Metal Obstacles ........................................................................................331
9.5 Real Indoor Propagation ..........................................................................................333
9.6 How Much Is Enough? ............................................................................................341
9.7 Indoor Interferers .....................................................................................................343
9.8 Tools for Indoor Networks ......................................................................................351
9.9 Summary .................................................................................................................356
Further Reading ..............................................................................................................357
Chapter 10. Security in Wireless Local Area Networks .........................................................361
10.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................361
10.2 Key Establishment in 802.11 ...................................................................................362
10.3 Anonymity in 802.11 ...............................................................................................363
10.4 Authentication in 802.11 .........................................................................................364
10.5 Confi dentiality in 802.11 .........................................................................................370
10.6 Data Integrity in 802.11 ...........................................................................................374
10.7 Loopholes in 802.11 Security ..................................................................................376
10.8 WPA ........................................................................................................................377
10.9 WPA2 (802.11i) .......................................................................................................390
Chapter 11. Voice Over Wi-Fi and Other Wireless Technologies...........................................397
11.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................397
11.2 Ongoing 802.11 Standard Work ..............................................................................397
11.3 Wi-Fi and Cellular Networks ..................................................................................402
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viii Contents
11.4 WiMax .....................................................................................................................412
11.5 VoWi-Fi and Bluetooth ............................................................................................413
11.6 VoWi-Fi and DECT .................................................................................................418
11.7 VoWi-Fi and Other Ongoing 802.x Wireless Projects .............................................419
11.8 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................421
References ........................................................................................................................421
Chapter 12. Mobile Ad Hoc Networks ...................................................................................423
12.1 Physical Layer and MAC ........................................................................................425
12.2 Routing in Ad Hoc Networks ..................................................................................437
12.3 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................448
References ........................................................................................................................449
Chapter 13. Wireless Sensor Networks ...................................................................................455
13.1 Applications .............................................................................................................455
13.2 Plant Network Layouts ............................................................................................456
13.3 Plant Network Architecture .....................................................................................458
13.4 Sensor Subnet Selection ..........................................................................................458
13.5 Functional Requirements .........................................................................................459
13.6 Technical Tradeoffs and Issues ................................................................................461
13.7 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................467
References ........................................................................................................................467
Chapter 14. Reliable Wireless Networks for Industrial Applications .....................................469
14.1 Benefi ts of Using Wireless ......................................................................................469
14.2 Issues in Deploying Wireless Systems ....................................................................470
14.3 Wireless Formats .....................................................................................................473
14.4 Wireless Mesh Networks .........................................................................................474
14.5 Industrial Applications of Wireless Mesh Networks ...............................................476
14.6 Case Study: Water Treatment ..................................................................................478
14.7 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................479
Chapter 15. Applications and Technologies ...........................................................................481
15.1 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) ................................................................481
15.2 Bluetooth .................................................................................................................502
15.3 Zigbee ......................................................................................................................510
15.4 Confl ict and Compatibility ......................................................................................516
15.5 Ultra-wideband Technology ....................................................................................521
15.6 Summary .................................................................................................................525
References ........................................................................................................................526
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Contents ix
Chapter 16. System Planning ..................................................................................................527
16.1 System Design Overview ........................................................................................527
16.2 Location and Real Estate Considerations ................................................................528
16.3 System Selection Based Upon User Needs .............................................................532
16.4 Identifi cation of Equipment Requirements ..............................................................534
16.5 Identifi cation of Equipment Locations ....................................................................536
16.6 Channel Allocation, Signal-to-Interference, and Reuse Planning ...........................543
16.7 Network Interconnect and Point-to-Point Radio Solutions .....................................547
16.8 Costs ........................................................................................................................550
16.9 The Five C’s of System Planning ............................................................................550
Index .......................................................................................................................................553
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