Wireless network performance enhancement via directional antennas : models, protocols, and systems

512 Pages·2016·15.03 MB·English

by  Hu

Wireless Network
Performance Enhancement
via Directional Antennas
Models, Protocols, and Systems
OTHER COMMUNICATIONS BOOKS FROM AUERBACH
Analytical Evaluation of Nonlinear Distortion Network Innovation through OpenFlow and SDN:
Effects on Multicarrier Signals Principles and Design
Theresa Araújo Edited by Fei Hu
ISBN 978-1-4822-1594-6 ISBN 978-1-4665-7209-6
Architecting Software Intensive Systems:
Neural Networks for Applied Sciences and
A Practitioners Guide
Engineering: From Fundamentals to Complex
Anthony J. Lattanze
Pattern Recognition
ISBN 978-1-4200-4569-7
Sandhya Samarasinghe
Cognitive Radio Networks: Efficient Resource
ISBN 978-0-8493-3375-0
Allocation in Cooperative Sensing, Cellular
Rare Earth Materials: Properties and Applications
Communications, High-Speed Vehicles,
and Smart Grid A.R. Jha
Tao Jiang, Zhiqiang Wang, and Yang Cao ISBN 978-1-4665-6402-2
ISBN 978-1-4987-2113-4 Requirements Engineering for Software and
Complex Networks: An Algorithmic Perspective Systems, Second Edition
Kayhan Erciyes Phillip A. Laplante
ISBN 978-1-4665-7166-2 ISBN 978-1-4665-6081-9
Data Privacy for the Smart Grid Security for Multihop Wireless Networks
Rebecca Herold and Christine Hertzog
Edited by Shafiullah Khan and Jaime Lloret Mauri
ISBN 978-1-4665-7337-6
ISBN 9781466578036
Generic and Energy-Efficient Context-Aware
Software Testing: A Craftsman’s Approach,
Mobile Sensing
Fourth Edition
Ozgur Yurur and Chi Harold Liu
Paul C. Jorgensen
ISBN 978-1-4987-0010-8
ISBN 978-1-46656068-0
Machine-to-Machine Communications:
Architectures, Technology, Standards, and The Future of Wireless Networks: Architectures,
Applications Protocols, and Services
Vojislav B. Misic and Jelena Misic Edited by Mohesen Guizani, Hsiao-Hwa Chen,
ISBN 978-1-4665-6123-6 and Chonggang Wang
Managing the PSTN Transformation: ISBN 978-1-4822-2094-0
A Blueprint for a Successful Migration to The Internet of Things in the Cloud:
IP-Based Networks A Middleware Perspective
Sandra Dornheim
Honbo Zhou
ISBN 978-1-4987-0103-7
ISBN 978-1-4398-9299-2
MIMO Processing for 4G and Beyond:
The State of the Art in Intrusion Prevention
Fundamentals and Evolution
and Detection
Edited by Mário Marques da Silva and
Al-Sakib Khan Pathan
Francisco A. Monteiro
ISBN 978-1-4822-0351-6
ISBN 978-1-4665-9807-2
Mobile Evolution: Insights on Connectivity ZigBee® Network Protocols and Applications
and Service Edited by Chonggang Wang, Tao Jiang,
Sebastian Thalanany and Qian Zhang
ISBN 978-1-4822-2480-1 ISBN 978-1-4398-1601-1
AUERBACH PUBLICATIONS
www.auerbach-publications.com
To Order Call: 1-800-272-7737 • Fax: [phone] • E-mail: [email protected]
Wireless Network
Performance Enhancement
via Directional Antennas
Models, Protocols, and Systems
Edited by
John D. Matyjas • Fei Hu • Sunil Kumar
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20150612
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-0754-1 (eBook - PDF)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to
publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials
or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material repro-
duced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any
copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any
form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming,
and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copy-
right.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400.
CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been
granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifica-
tion and explanation without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
Contents
Preface .......................................................................................................................................ix
Editors .......................................................................................................................................xi
Contributors ...........................................................................................................................xiii
SeCtion i DiReCtionAL AntennAS
1 Introduction: Switched/Steered Directional Antennas for Networking ......................3
TAN NGO, MURALI TUMMALA, AND JOHN McEACHEN
2 Design and Optimization of Wideband Log-Periodic Dipole Arrays under
Requirements for High Gain, High Front-to-Back Ratio, Optimal Gain
Flatness, and Low Side Lobe Level: The Application of Invasive Weed
Optimization ..............................................................................................................21
ZAHARIAS D. ZAHARIS, PAVLOS I. LAZARIDIS, CHRISTOS SKEBERIS,
GEORGE MASTORAKIS, CONSTANDINOS X. MAVROMOUSTAKIS,
EVANGELOS PALLIS, DIMITRIOS I. STRATAKIS, AND THOMAS D. XENOS
SeCtion ii DiReCtionAL MAC
3 Discovery Strategies for a Directional Wake-Up Radio in Mobile Networks ............65
WEN-CHAN SHIH, RAJA JURDAK, DAVID ABBOTT, PAI H. CHOU,
AND WEN-TSUEN CHEN
4 Medium Access Control for Wireless Networks with Directional Antennas .............77
T. OWENS WALKER III, MURALI TUMMALA, AND JOHN McEACHEN
5 IEEE 802.11ad Wireless Local Area Network and Its MAC Performance ...............101
DAVID TUNG CHONG WONG, FRANCOIS CHIN, XIAOMING PENG,
AND QIAN CHEN
SeCtion iii MiLLiMeteR WAVe
6 MAC Layer Protocols for Wireless Networks with Directional Antennas ...............131
MUHAMMAD IRFAN RAFIQUE
7 Millimeter-Wave Wireless Networks: A Medium Access Control Perspective .........155
SHIWEN MAO AND THEODORE (TED) S. RAPPAPORT
v
vi ◾ Contents
8 Directional MAC Protocols for 60 GHz Millimeter Wave WLANs .........................169
KISHOR CHANDRA AND R. VENKATESHA PRASAD
9 Performance Improvements of mm-Wave Wireless Personal Area Networks
Using Beamforming and Beamswitching .................................................................189
SEOKHYUN YOON
10 Applications of Directional Networking in Military Systems ..................................207
LATHA KANT, RITU CHADHA, AND JOHN LEE
SeCtion iV MiMo
11 Design and Implementation of Directional Antenna-Based LOS–MIMO
System for Gbps Wireless Backhaul .........................................................................229
XIANG CHEN, XIUJUN ZHANG, SHIDONG ZHOU, MING ZHAO, AND JING WANG
12 MIMO and Cooperation in Cognitive Radio-Based Wireless Networks: State-
of-the-Art and Perspectives ......................................................................................249
ABDELAALI CHAOUB
SeCtion V ADVAnCeD toPiCS
13 Directional Antennas and Beamforming for Cognitive Radio-Based Wireless
Networks ..................................................................................................................273
ABDELAALI CHAOUB AND ELHASSANE IBN-ELHAJ
14 Multicast Algorithm Design for Energy-Constrained Multihop Wireless
Networks with Directional Antennas .......................................................................293
YI SHI, Y. THOMAS HOU, HANIF D. SHERALI, AND WENJING LOU
15 Connectivity of Large-Scale Wireless Networks with Directional Antennas ..........315
CHI-KIN CHAU, RICHARD J. GIBBENS, AND DON TOWSLEY
16 Bounds on the Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks with Lossy Links
and Directional Antennas ........................................................................................329
JUAN M. ALONSO, AMANDA NORDHAMN, SIMON OLOFSSON,
AND THIEMO VOIGT
SeCtion Vi APPLiCAtionS
17 Utilization of Directional Antennas in Flying Ad Hoc Networks: Challenges
and Design Guidelines .............................................................................................365
ŞAMIL TEMEL AND İLKER BEKMEZCI
18 Military Networks Enabled by Directional Antennas ..............................................381
JERRY SONNENBERG, KEITH OLDS, EMIL SVATIK, AND DAVE CHESTER
19 Military Applications of Directional Mesh Networking ..........................................393
TODD MCINTYRE, MARC J. RUSSON, STEPHEN M. DUDLEY, AND VICTOR WELLS
Contents ◾ vii
20 Collaborative and Opportunistic Content Dissemination via Directional
Antennas ...................................................................................................................435
YONG LI, WEI FENG, LI SU, XIANG CHEN, AND DEPENG JIN
21 The Evolution of Directional Networking Systems Architecture .............................465
MATTHEW SHERMAN
Index .................................................................................................................................495
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
Preface
Antenna technologies have made significant advancements in the last decade; not only in direct
support of communication systems, but also to include support of multiple simultaneous radio
frequency (RF) functions such as radar. With the rapid development of electronic materials, elec-
tric circuits, and electromagnetic theories, many powerful antenna systems have been invented
and employed across multiple spectrum bands. For example, switched or steered antennas can be
used in WiFi, millimeter wave, centimeter wave, Ku-band, and other frequencies. Modes of opera-
tion for antennas can be a single beam (each time the antenna faces a specific direction) and/or
multibeam (multiple links can deliver data simultaneously). And, multiple-input, multiple-output
(MIMO) antenna configurations provide the opportunity to greatly cancel noise/interference and
increase communication capacity by exploiting spatial diversity.
These antenna system advances further open the door to many exciting new design opportuni-
ties for wireless networks to enhance quality of service (QoS), performance, and network capac-
ity. For example, directional antennas enable transmissions for a much larger distance/range over
omni-directional antennas for the same total power budget, while also achieving higher data rates
and less delay/latency. MIMO antenna configurations can significantly improve the packet arrival
success rate and enable large-scale network node interconnections. Multibeam antennas can con-
currently receive or transmit data in multiple radio links and greatly improve network throughput
and efficiency. And “smart” (or adaptive) antennas can automatically adjust their parameters based
on network context or feedback.
However, effective deployment of directional networks also faces many system- and opera-
tional-level design challenges. As an example, directional antennas often cause deafness issues,
where a node may not be able to receive the intended (productive) packets for itself if its beam
is facing another direction and/or listening to unintended (unproductive) packets (i.e., packets
intended for a different destination). In the case of MIMO antennas, they need timely feedback
from the receiver side to accurately adjust their beamforming matrix and enable reliable receipt.
Furthermore, the conventional medium access control (MAC) and routing protocols for omni-
directional antennas have to be modified or redesigned for directional networks since the control
messages may only be received in certain directions. One mitigation strategy is to augment direc-
tional networks with an omni-based discovery/control channel; yet, this comes at the sacrifice of
spectrum usage and network capacity (increased overhead) along with a reliance on a dedicated,
synchronized control channel with security concerns therein.
This compilation is the first technical book canvasing research and development on wireless
networks with directional antennas. Contributions go deep into lower-layer aspects (with mod-
els, algorithms, and protocols) of wireless and mobile networks with different types of anten-
nas (MIMO, single beam, multibeam, etc.), while operating over different frequencies (2.4 GHz,
ix