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Circuits, Devices and Systems Series 16 Wireless Communication CW Wireless i ri cr e u Circuits and Systems l ie t ss Communication s a nC do m S Circuits and Systems ym s This book presents a state of the art review of integrated Yichuang Sun is Professor of Communications Electronics at tu circuits, systems and transceivers for wireless and mobile the University of Hertforshire, UK. He obtained a PhD from the en communications. Contributions from world-class researchers University of York, UK. His research interests include integrated mi focus upon the most recent developments in key RF, IF and aacntdiv ete sfitlitnegrs, , RaFn aanlodg uceo manmdu mniicxaetdio-nsisg ncairlc uciirtcsu, iatsn,d f awuilrte dleiasgs naonsdis sca baseband components and subsystems and transceiver mobile communication systems. He has published some 150 t architecture in CMOS technology. Adopting a top-down papers and has authored and edited two books on modern io approach from wireless communications systems, mobile filter design. Professor Sun is a Series Editor of the IEE Circuits, n terminals and transceivers, to constituent components, this Devices and Systems Series and has been Guest Editor of two book covers the whole range of baseband, IF and RF issues special issues of IEE Proceedings Circuits, Devices and Systems. in a systematic way. Circuit and system techniques for He serves on several technical committees of IEEE Societies design and implementation of reconfigurable low voltage and UKRI Section and he has also been on the programme and low power single-chip CMOS transceivers for both committees of many international conferences. mobile cellular and wireless LAN applications are included. Edited by Yichuang Sun S u n The Institution of Engineering and Technology www.theiet.org 0-85296-443-9 978-0-85296-443-9 IET CIrCuITs, DEvICEs anD sysTEms sErIEs 16 Series Editors: Dr R.S. Soin Dr D.G. Haigh Dr J. Wood Professor Y. Sun Wireless Communication Circuits and Systems Published by The Institution of Engineering and Technology, London, United Kingdom © 2004 The Institution of Electrical Engineers Reprint with new cover © 2008 The Institution of Engineering and Technology First published 2004 Reprinted with new cover 2008 This publication is copyright under the Berne Convention and the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, only with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: The Institution of Engineering and Technology Michael Faraday House Six Hills Way, Stevenage Herts, SG1 2AY, United Kingdom www.theiet.org While the authors and the publishers believe that the information and guidance given in this work are correct, all parties must rely upon their own skill and judgement when making use of them. Neither the authors nor the publishers assume any liability to anyone for any loss or damage caused by any error or omission in the work, whether such error or omission is the result of negligence or any other cause. Any and all such liability is disclaimed. The moral right of the authors to be identified as authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Wireless communication circuits and systems. – (IET circuits, devices and systems series; no. 16) 1. Wireless communication systems 2. Electronic circuits I. Sun, Yichuang II. Institution of Electrical Engineers 621.3’82 ISBN (10 digit) 0 85296 443 9 ISBN (13 digit) 978-0-85296-443-9 Typeset in India by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd, Chennai First printed in the UK by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall Reprinted in the UK by Lightning Source UK Ltd, Milton Keynes Wireless Communication Circuits and Systems Edited by Yichuang Sun The Institution of Engineering and Technology Other volumes in this series: Volume 2 Analogue IC design: the current-mode approach C. Toumazou, F.J. Lidgey and D.G. Haigh (Editors) Volume 3 Analogue-digital ASICs: circuit techniques, design tools and applications R.S. Soin, F. Maloberti and J. France (Editors) Volume 4 Algorithmic and knowledge-based CAD for VLSI G.E. Taylor and G. Russell (Editors) Volume 5 Switched currents: an analogue technique for digital technology C. Toumazou, J.B.C. Hughes and N.C. Battersby (Editors) Volume 6 High-frequency circuit engineering F. Nibler et al. Volume 8 Low-power high-frequency microelectronics: a unified approach G. Machado (Editor) Volume 9 VLSI testing: digital and mixed analogue/digital techniques S.L. Hurst Volume 10 Distributed feedback semiconductor lasers J.E. Carroll, J.E.A. Whiteaway and R.G.S. Plumb Volume 11 Selected topics in advanced solid state and fibre optic sensors S.M. Vaezi- Nejad (Editor) Volume 12 Strained silicon heterostructures: materials and devices C.K. Maiti, N.B. Chakrabarti and S.K. Ray Volume 13 RFIC and MMIC design and technology I.D. Robertson and S. Lucyzyn (Editors) Volume 14 Design of high frequency integrated analogue filters Y. Sun (Editor) Volume 15 Foundations of digital signal processing: theory, algorithms and hardware design P. Gaydecki Volume 16 Wireless communications circuits and systems Y. Sun (Editor) Volume 17 The switching function: analysis of power electronic circuits C. Marouchos Volume 18 System-on-chip: next generation electronics B. Al-Hashimi (Editor) Volume 19 Test and diagnosis of analogue, mixed-signal and RF integrated circuits: the system on chip approach Y. Sun (Editor) Volume 20 Low power and low voltage circuit design with the FGMOS transistor E. Rodriguez-Villegas Volume 21 Technology computer aided design for Si, SiGe and GaAs integrated circuits C.K. Maiti and G.A. Armstrong ✐ ✐ “FM” — 2003/10/28 — 8:45 — page v — #5 ✐ ✐ To Xiaohui, Bo and Lucy ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ “FM” — 2003/10/28 — 8:45 — page vi — #6 ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ “FM” — 2003/10/28 — 8:45 — page vii — #7 ✐ ✐ Contents Contributors xiii Preface xvii 1 Wirelesscommunicationsandtransceivers:anoverview 1 YichuangSun 1.1 Wirelessandmobilecommunications 1 1.2 Integratedcircuittechnologiesforwirelesssystems 2 1.3 Transceiversforwirelessandmobilecommunications 2 1.4 Challengingtopicsincommunicationcircuitsandsystems 3 1.4.1 Transceiverarchitectureandsystem-leveldesign 3 1.4.2 RF,IFandanaloguebasebandcircuitsand subsystems 4 1.4.3 Designoptimisationandautomatictesting techniques 6 1.5 Summaryofchapters 7 2 Non-complexsignalprocessinginalow-IFreceiver 9 BrianJ.MinnisandPaulA.Moore 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Evolutionofintegratedreceiverarchitectures 10 2.2.1 Theconventionalsuperhetarchitecture 10 2.2.2 Thezero-IFarchitecture 11 2.2.3 Low-IFarchitecture 11 2.3 Digitisingaconventionallow-IFarchitecture 12 2.4 Performancerequirements 13 2.5 Receiverdimensions 15 2.6 Thechangetonon-complexsignalprocessing 18 2.6.1 Polyphaseimage-rejectionfilter 21 2.6.2 Make-complexchannelfilter 23 2.6.3 (cid:1)(cid:2)modulatorADC 24 2.7 Systemsimulations 27 2.8 Incorporationinadual-modereceiver 30 ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ “FM” — 2003/10/28 — 8:45 — page viii — #8 ✐ ✐ viii Contents 2.9 Conclusions 32 2.10 References 32 3 Areconfigurablebasebandchainfor3Gwirelessreceivers 35 Md.IqbalYounus,AnupSavla,ArunRavindranandMohammedIsmail 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Low-noisefullydifferentialvoltagebuffer 35 3.2.1 Differentialdifferenceamplifier-basedfullydifferential buffer 36 3.2.2 MOSrealisationofafullydifferentialDDA 37 3.2.3 Wide-rangelow-noiseFDBbasedontheDDA 38 3.2.4 HighlylinearDDA-basedfiltersection 40 3.2.5 Tuneablefiltersection 42 3.2.6 Variablegainamplifier 44 3.3 Reconfigurablebasebandchainfor3Greceivers 48 3.4 Conclusions 51 3.5 References 52 4 Field-programmableandreconfigurableanalogueand mixed-signalarrays 53 YichuangSunandRushikeshLala 4.1 Introduction 53 4.2 Field-programmableanaloguearrays(FPAA) 54 4.2.1 Generalarchitecture 54 4.2.2 Configurableanalogueblocks(CABs) 56 4.2.3 CADdesignprocedureusingFPAAs 56 4.2.4 GeneraldesignissuesforFPAA 57 4.2.5 AdvancedcircuittechniquesforFPAA 58 4.2.6 FPAAapplications 59 4.3 CommercialFPAAproducts 60 4.3.1 Latticesemiconductor’sprogrammableanalogue circuits(ispPAC) 60 4.3.2 Zetexsemiconductor’sTRAC(totallyreconfigurable analoguecircuit) 61 4.3.3 Anadigmfieldprogrammableanaloguearray (AN10E40) 63 4.4 Continuous-timeCMOSOTA-CFPAAforhighfrequencies 64 4.4.1 ProgrammableOTA 64 4.4.2 Programmablecapacitorarray 65 4.4.3 ConfigurableanalogueblockusingprogrammableOTAs andcapacitors 65 ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ “FM” — 2003/10/28 — 8:45 — page ix — #9 ✐ ✐ Contents ix 4.4.4 Finetuningofparameters 67 4.4.5 FPAAusingCABsanditsapplicationinOTA-Cfilter design 68 4.5 FPMAandSoPC 71 4.5.1 FPMA 71 4.5.2 SoCandSoPC 72 4.5.3 Commercialmixed-signalSoPC:SIDSAFIPSOC 72 4.6 ReconfigurableuniversaltransceiversusingFPAAs 73 4.6.1 Universaltransceiversfordifferentstandards 73 4.6.2 ReconfigurabletransceiversusingFPAA 73 4.7 Conclusions 75 4.8 References 76 5 Alow-power,low-voltageBluetoothchannelfilter usingclassABCMOStransconductors 81 JohnHughes,AdrianSpencer,ApisakWorapishetand RungsimantSitdhikorn 5.1 Introduction 81 5.2 Filtersynthesis 82 5.2.1 Complexfilters 82 5.2.2 Bluetoothfiltersynthesis 85 5.3 ClassABCMOStransconductor 86 5.3.1 Celldevelopment 86 5.3.2 Frequencytuning 93 5.4 Filterdesign 95 5.5 Performance 97 5.6 Conclusions 103 5.7 References 103 6 Designandautomatictuningofintegratedcontinuous-time filters 105 JamesMoritzandYichuangSun 6.1 Introduction 105 6.2 Filtersintransceiversandtheneedfortuning 106 6.2.1 Filterrequirementsforwirelesstransceivers 106 6.2.2 Theneedforon-chiptuning 108 6.3 Filterarchitecturesanddesignmethods 109 6.3.1 Second-ordercascadearchitecture 111 6.3.2 Multiple-loopfeedbackarchitecture 114 6.3.3 LCladdersimulation 115 6.3.4 OTA-Cfilters 118 6.3.5 MOSFET-Cfilters 122 6.3.6 Active-LCfilters 126 6.3.7 Switchedarraysforfiltertuning 129 ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐