Wireless Communication. Advancements and Challenges

197 Pages·2023·33.65 MB·English

by  Prashant Ranjan, Ram Shringar Rao, Krishna Kumar, Pankaj Sharma

i
Wireless Communication
This reference text will benefit readers in enhancing their understanding of the recent
technologies, protocols, and challenges in various stages of development of wireless
communication and networking.
The text discusses the cellular concepts of 4G, 5G, and 6G along with their challenges.
It covers topics related to vehicular technology, wherein vehicles communicate with
the traffic and the environment around them using short- range wireless signals. The
text comprehensively covers important topics including use of the Internet of Things
(IoT) in wireless communication, architecture, and protocols. It further covers the
role of smart antennas in emerging wireless technologies.
The book
• Discusses advanced techniques used in the field of wireless communication.
• Covers technologies including network slicing, 5G wireless communication,
and TV white space technology.
• Discusses practical applications including drone delivery systems, public
safety, IoT, virtual reality, and smart cities.
• Covers radio theory and applications for wireless communication with ranges
of centimeters to hundreds of meters.
• Discusses important topics including metamaterials, inductance coupling for
loop antennas, bluetooth low energy, wireless security, and wireless sensor
networks.
Discussing latest technologies including 5G, 6G, IoT, vehicular technology and TV
white space technology, this text will be useful for senior undergraduate, graduate
students, and professionals in the fields of electrical engineering, and electronics and
communication engineering.
ii
Wireless Communications and Networking
Technologies: Classifications, Advancement and Applications
Series Editor: D.K. Lobiyal, R.S. Rao and Vishal Jain
The series addresses different algorithms, architecture, standards and protocols, tools
and methodologies which could be beneficial in implementing next generation mobile
network for the communication. Aimed at senior undergraduate students, graduate
students, academic researchers and professionals, the proposed series will focus on
the fundamentals and advances of wireless communication and networking, and their
such as mobile ad- hoc network (MANET), wireless sensor network (WSN), wireless
mess network (WMN), vehicular ad- hoc networks (VANET), vehicular cloud net-
work (VCN), vehicular sensor network (VSN) reliable cooperative network (RCN),
mobile opportunistic network (MON), delay tolerant networks (DTN), flying ad-h oc
network (FANET) and wireless body sensor network (WBSN).
Cloud Computing Enabled Big- Data Analytics in Wireless Ad- hoc Networks
Sanjoy Das, Ram Shringar Rao, Indrani Das, Vishal Jain and Nanhay Singh
Smart Cities
Concepts, Practices, and Applications
Krishna Kumar, Gaurav Saini, Duc Manh Nguyen, Narendra Kumar and Rachna Shah
Wireless Communication
Advancements and Challenges
Prashant Ranjan, Ram Shringar Rao, Krishna Kumar and Pankaj Sharma
For more information about this series, please visit: www.routle dge.com/ Wirel ess%20
Com muni cati ons%20and%20Net work ing%20T echn olog ies/ book- ser ies/ WCANT
iii
Wireless Communication

Advancements and Challenges
Prashant Ranjan, Ram Shringar Rao, Krishna Kumar
and Pankaj Sharma
iv
First edition published 2023
by CRC Press
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and by CRC Press
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CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
© 2023 Prashant Ranjan, Ram Shringar Rao, Krishna Kumar and Pankaj Sharma
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher
cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors
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ISBN: 9780367751593 (hbk)
ISBN: 9781032020655 (pbk)
ISBN: 9781003181699 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/ 9781003181699
Typeset in Times
by Newgen Publishing UK
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Contents
Preface .......................................................................................................................xi
Readers ....................................................................................................................xiii
Chapter Organization ...............................................................................................xv
About the Authors ..................................................................................................xvii
Chapter 1 Internet of Things (IoT) ........................................................................1
1.1 Introduction ................................................................................1
1.1.1 Internet of Things Vision ..............................................1
1.1.2 Evolution and Rapid Adoption of IoT ..........................2
1.1.3 The Need for M2M Connectivity .................................2
1.1.4 The Chicken and Egg Analogy .....................................3
1.2 The Continuing Evolution of IoT...............................................3
1.3 The Key Drivers of Rapid Adoption of IoT ...............................4
1.4 How Does IoT Work ..................................................................5
1.5 Importance of IoT ......................................................................6
1.6 Benefits of IoT to Businesses .....................................................6
1.6.1 Consumer and Enterprise IoT Applications .................7
1.6.2 Engineering, Industry, and Infrastructure .....................7
1.6.3 Home Applications .......................................................8
1.6.4 Wearables .....................................................................8
1.6.5 Healthcare and Medicine ..............................................9
1.6.6 Smart Cities ..................................................................9
1.6.7 Smart Grid and Smart Meters .....................................10
1.6.8 Agri- tech .....................................................................11
1.6.9 Tyre Air Pressure Detection .......................................13
1.6.10 Personal IoT Applications ..........................................13
1.6.10.1 Gesture Control Armband ........................13
1.6.10.2 Smart Glass ..............................................13
1.6.10.3 Smart Eye .................................................13
1.6.10.4 Pulse Oximeter .........................................13
1.7 Potential of IoT ........................................................................14
1.8 Architecture of IoT ..................................................................18
1.8.1 Smart Device/ Sensor Layer ........................................18
1.8.2 IoT – Technology and Protocols.................................19
1.8.3 RFID and NFC ...........................................................19
1.8.4 Low- Energy Bluetooth (BLE) ....................................19
1.8.5 Low- Energy Wireless .................................................19
1.8.6 Radio Protocols ..........................................................19
1.8.7 LTE- Advanced............................................................19
1.8.8 NB- IoT .......................................................................20
1.8.9 LoRa ...........................................................................20
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1.8.10 SigFox ........................................................................20
1.8.11 TV White Space .........................................................20
1.8.12 WiFi- Direct .................................................................20
1.8.13 Gateways and Networks .............................................21
1.8.14 Management Service Layer ........................................21
1.8.15 Application Layer .......................................................22
1.8.16 IoT Software ...............................................................22
1.8.17 Data Collection ...........................................................23
1.8.18 Device Integration ......................................................23
1.8.19 Real- Time Analytics ...................................................23
1.8.20 Applications and Process Extension...........................24
1.9 IoT Standards and Frameworks ...............................................24
1.10 Enabling Technologies for IoT ................................................25
1.11 Future Technological Developments for IoT ...........................27
1.12 Future Application Areas .........................................................29
1.13 Pros and Cons of IoT ...............................................................32
1.14 IoT Security and Privacy Issues ...............................................33
1.15 Tips to Help Secure User’s Smart Home and IoT Devices ......33
1.16 Future Challenges for IoT ........................................................34
1.16.1 Privacy and Security ...................................................34
1.16.2 Cost versus Usability ..................................................35
1.16.3 Interoperability ...........................................................35
1.16.4 Data Management.......................................................36
1.16.5 Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on IoT .....................36
1.17 Conclusion ...............................................................................40
Chapter 2 Application of IoT for Pandemic Detection .......................................43
2.1 Introduction ..............................................................................43
2.2 Emergency Care System ..........................................................43
2.3 Previous Works ........................................................................45
2.4 Application of IoT and Smart Technology for Pandemic
Detection ..................................................................................48
2.5 Conclusion ...............................................................................50
Chapter 3 TV White Space (TVWS) Technology ...............................................53
3.1 Introduction ..............................................................................53
3.2 Underutilised Spectrum ...........................................................54
3.3 Evolution of TVWS .................................................................58
3.4 Standardisation of TVWS ........................................................62
3.5 Regulations on TVWS .............................................................66
3.5.1 Regulation in the USA ...............................................66
3.5.2 Regulation in Singapore .............................................67
3.5.3 Regulation in the UK ..................................................71
3.5.4 Regulation in Canada .................................................72
3.5.5 Regulation in Colombia ..............................................72
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Contents vii
3.5.6 Regulation in South Africa .........................................75
3.5.7 Regulation in Ghana ...................................................76
3.5.8 Regulation in New Zealand ........................................78
3.5.9 Regulation in South Korea .........................................78
3.5.10 Draft Regulation in Uganda .......................................80
3.5.11 Draft Regulation in Nigeria ........................................80
3.5.12 Draft Regulation in Kenya ..........................................81
3.5.13 Draft Regulation in the Philippines ............................81
3.5.14 Draft Regulation in Brazil ..........................................82
3.5.15 Draft Regulation in Brunei .........................................84
3.5.16 TV Spectrum Allocation in India ...............................84
3.5.17 Draft Regulation in Pakistan ......................................87
3.5.18 Draft Regulation in Australia .....................................88
3.6 The Limitations of TVWS Regulation .....................................89
3.7 Commercial Pilots and Trials of TVWS ..................................92
3.7.1 Botswana Pilot Project (March 2015) ........................92
3.7.2 Ghana Commercial Pilot (May 2014) ........................92
3.7.3 Namibia Trial (August 2014) .....................................92
3.7.4 The Philippines (July 2013) .......................................92
3.7.5 India Pilot Trials (Nov 2015) ......................................93
3.7.6 South Africa Commercial Pilot (July 2013) ...............93
3.7.7 Tanzania Commercial Pilot (May 2013) ....................93
3.7.8 Kenya “Mawingu” Commercial Pilot
(February 2013) ..........................................................93
3.7.9 Singapore Commercial Pilot (April 2012) .................93
3.7.10 Cambridge White Spaces Trial (June 2011) ...............94
3.7.11 Claudville, Virginia (September 2009) .......................94
3.8 Applications and Use Cases of TVWS ....................................95
3.8.1 Cost Comparison and Performance
Comparison of TVWS Compared to Alternate
Solutions for Various Applications .............................98
3.9 SWOT Analysis ........................................................................99
3.10 Conclusion ...............................................................................99
Chapter 4 Health Monitoring and Pandemic Detection Using IoT and
Wireless Communication Technologies ...........................................105
4.1 Introduction ............................................................................105
4.2 Previous Works ......................................................................107
4.3 Proposed Model .....................................................................110
4.4 Conclusions ............................................................................113
Chapter 5 V2V: The Future of VANET’s Communications ..............................115
5.1 Vehicular Ad- hoc Network (VANET) ....................................115
5.2 Communication Domains of VANET ....................................116
5.3 VANET’s Characteristics .......................................................117
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viii Contents
5.4 VANET’s Challenges .............................................................118
5.5 VANET Applications .............................................................119
5.5.1 Safety Applications ..................................................119
5.5.2 Commercial and Comfort Applications ....................119
5.5.3 Entertainment Related Applications .........................119
5.5.4 Urban Sensing and Health Monitoring
Applications .............................................................120
5.6 Vehicle- to- Vehicle Communication (V2V) ............................120
5.7 Working of V2V Communication ..........................................121
5.7.1 Vehicle- to- X Communication (V2X) .......................122
5.8 Benefits of V2V Communications .........................................123
5.9 V2V Tracking and Reporting .................................................124
5.10 V2V Security in Communication ...........................................124
5.11 Future of V2V Communication .............................................125
5.12 Conclusion .............................................................................126
Chapter 6 IoT Based Flood Control and Disaster Management System
for Dam and Barrage ........................................................................129
6.1 Introduction ............................................................................129
6.2 Investigations on Dam and Barrage Monitoring ....................133
6.3 Circuit Configuration for Monitoring and Control of
Dam/ Barrage ..........................................................................136
6.4 Conclusions ............................................................................136
Chapter 7 An Overview of Smart Antenna Technology for Wireless
Communication ................................................................................139
7.1 Introduction ............................................................................139
7.2 Smart Antenna ........................................................................139
7.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Smart Antennas ...............141
7.3.1 Advantages of Smart Antenna ..................................141
7.3.2 Disadvantages of Smart Antenna .............................142
7.4 Types of Smart Antenna System ............................................142
7.4.1 Switched Beam System ............................................143
7.4.2 Digitally Adaptive Beamforming (DAB) System ....145
7.5 Difference Between Switched Beam System and
Digitally Adaptive Beamforming System ..............................147
7.6 Applications of Smart Antenna System .................................148
7.7 Conclusions ............................................................................148
Chapter 8 UAV: Communication and Object Detection System .......................151
8.1 Introduction ............................................................................151
8.2 Application Scenarios of UAVs .............................................152
8.2.1 Research Trends and Technologies ..........................153
8.2.2 Construction and Infrastructure Investigation ..........154
8.2.3 Media and Entertainments ........................................154
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Contents ix
8.2.4 Product Delivery .......................................................154
8.2.5 Onboard Health Planning .........................................154
8.2.6 Smart City Management ...........................................154
8.2.7 Reconnaissance and Patrolling .................................154
8.3 Major Issues and Challenges of UAVs ...................................155
8.3.1 Mobility Models .......................................................155
8.3.2 High Reliability ........................................................156
8.3.3 Routing .....................................................................156
8.3.4 Path Scheduling ........................................................156
8.3.5 Quality of Service (QoS) ..........................................156
8.3.6 Security Issues ..........................................................156
8.3.7 Energy Constraint .....................................................157
8.4. UAV Communications ...........................................................157
8.4.1 Object Detection System ..........................................157
8.4.2 Limitations of Automating the Utilization of
Aerial Imagery ..........................................................159
8.5 Conclusion .............................................................................159
Chapter 9 Smart Pole System: A Connectivity to City Services .......................163
9.1 Introduction ............................................................................163
9.2 Limitations of Conventional Pole System..............................165
9.3 Benefits of Smart Pole System ...............................................165
9.3.1 Improving City Operations .......................................165
9.3.2 Decreasing Emergency Response Time ...................166
9.3.3 Environmental Aspects .............................................166
9.3.4 Data Monetization Probabilities ...............................166
9.3.5 International Market .................................................166
9.4 Smart Pole System Design .....................................................166
9.4.1 5G Enabled Smart Pole with LED Street
Lighting ....................................................................166
9.4.2 PIR Sensor ................................................................167
9.4.3 Wi- Fi Hotspot Services ............................................167
9.4.4 CCTV Surveillance Camera .....................................168
9.4.5 Traffic Control Management ....................................168
9.4.6 Air Pollution Sensors ...............................................168
9.4.7 Electronic Vehicle Charger .......................................169
9.4.8 Fast EV Charging .....................................................169
9.4.9 Smart Billboard ........................................................170
9.4.10 Mobile Applications .................................................171
9.4.11 Integration with Command and Control Centre .......171
9.4.12 Integrated Antenna on Smart Pole ............................172
9.5 Conclusion .............................................................................172
Index ......................................................................................................................177