Wireless ad hoc networking: personal-area, local-area, and the sensory-area networks

660 Pages·2007·13.53 MB·English

by  Yu-Chee Tseng

WIRELESS
AD HOC
NETWORKING
WIRELESS NETWORKS
AND MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS
Series Editor: Yan Zhang
Millimeter Wave Technology in Wireless PAN, LAN, and MAN
Shao-Qiu Xiao, Ming-Tuo Zhou and Yan Zhang
ISBN: 0-8493-8227-0
Security in Wireless Mesh Networks
Yan Zhang, Jun Zheng and Honglin Hu
ISBN: 0-8493-8250-5
Resource, Mobility and Security Management in Wireless Networks
and Mobile Communications
Yan Zhang, Honglin Hu, and Masayuki Fujise
ISBN: 0-8493-8036-7
Wireless Mesh Networking: Architectures, Protocols and Standards
Yan Zhang, Jijun Luo and Honglin Hu
ISBN: 0-8493-7399-9
Wireless Ad Hoc Networking: Personal-Area, Local-Area, and
the Sensory-Area Networks
Shih-Lin Wu and Yu-Chee Tseng
ISBN: 0-8493-9254-3
Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks: WiMAX and Beyond
Yan Zhang and Hsiao-Hwa Chen
ISBN: 0-8493-2624-9
Distributed Antenna Systems: Open Architecture for Future
Wireless Communications
Honglin Hu, Yan Zhang and Jijun Luo
ISBN:1-4200-4288-2
AUERBACH PUBLICATIONS
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WIRELESS
AD HOC
NETWORKING
Personal-Area, Local-Area, and the Sensory-Area Networks
Edited by
Shih-Lin Wu Yu-Chee Tseng
Boca Raton New York
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Wireless ad hoc networking : personal‑area, local‑area, and the sensory‑area
networks / editors, Shih‑Lin Wu and Yu‑Chee Tseng.
p. cm. ‑‑ (Wireless networks and mobile communications)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN‑13: 978‑0‑8493‑9254‑2 (alk. paper)
ISBN‑10: 0‑8493‑9254‑3 (alk. paper)
1. Wireless LANs. 2. Wireless communication systems. 3. Sensor networks.
I. Wu, Shih‑Lin. II. Tseng, Yu‑Chee. III. Title. IV. Series.
TK5105.78.W59 2007
004.6’8‑‑dc22 2006031857
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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and the Auerbach Web site at
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Contents
PART I: WIRELESS PERSONAL-AREA AND SENSORY-AREA
NETWORKS
1 Coverage and Connectivity of Wireless Sensor Networks . . . . . . 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Computing Coverage of a Wireless Sensor Network 4
1.3 Coverage and Scheduling 14
1.4 Coverage and Connectivity 20
1.5 Conclusions 23
2 Communication Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Similarities and Differences between WSNs and MANETs 28
2.3 Communication Patterns in Wireless Sensor Networks 30
2.4 Routing Protocols in WSNs 39
2.5 Comparative Studies 53
2.6 Conclusions and Future Research Directions 56
3 FireFly: A Time-Synchronized Real-Time Sensor
Networking Platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.1 Introduction 65
3.2 The FireFly Sensor Node 67
3.3 RT-Link: A TDMA Link Layer Protocol for Multihop
Wireless Networks 71
3.4 Nano-RK: A Resource-Centric RTOS for Sensor Networks 87
3.5 Coal Mine Safety Application 98
3.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks 102
4 Energy Conservation in Sensor and Sensor-Actuator
Networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
4.1 Introduction 107
4.2 Localized Algorithms Save Energy 110
v
vi ■ Contents
4.3 Minimum-Energy Broadcasting and Multicasting 113
4.4 Power-Aware Routing 115
4.5 Controlled Mobility for Power-Aware Localized Routing 116
4.6 Power-Efficient Neighbor Communication and Discovery
for Asymmetric Links 118
4.7 Challenges of Power-Aware Routing with a Realistic
Physical Layer 119
4.8 A Localized Coordination Framework for Wireless Sensor
and Actuator Networks 121
4.9 Localized Movement Control Algorithms for
Realization of Fault Tolerant Sensor and Sensor-
Actuator Networks 128
4.10 Conclusion 130
5 Security in Wireless Sensor Networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135
5.1 Introduction 136
5.2 Physical Layer Security 136
5.3 Key Management 140
5.4 Link Layer Security 155
5.5 Network Layer Security 157
5.6 Application Layer Security 159
6 Autonomous Swarm-Bot Systems for Wireless
Sensor Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
6.1 Introduction 167
6.2 The System Architecture 168
6.3 Cooperative Localization Algorithm 169
6.4 Foraging and Gathering 172
6.5 Minimap Integration 178
6.6 The Collaborative Path Planning Algorithm 181
6.7 Conclusion 184
7 A Smart Blind Alarm Surveillance and Blind
Guide Network System on Wireless Optical
Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
7.1 Introduction 191
7.2 The Manufacture of Wireless Optical Transceiver 193
7.3 The Design of Wireless Optical Network 196
7.4 Smart Wireless Optical Blind-Guidance Cane and
Blind-Guidance Robot 199
7.5 The Design of a Smart Guide System with Wireless Optical
Blind-Guidance Cane and a Blind-Guidance Robot 203
7.6 Smart Wireless Optical Communication of Blind Alarm
Surveillance System 210
7.7 The Design and Implementation of a Smart Wireless
Blind-Guidance Alarm Surveillance System 214
Contents ■ vii
PART II: WIRELESS LOCAL-AREA NETWORKS
8 Opportunism in Wireless Networks: Principles and
Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
8.1 Opportunism: Avenues and Basic Principles 223
8.2 Source Opportunism 227
8.3 Spatio-Temporal Opportunism over a Single Link 234
8.4 Spatio-Temporal Opportunism in Ad Hoc Networks 241
8.5 Spatiotemporal-Spectral Opportunism in Ad Hoc Networks 247
8.6 Conclusions 250
9 Localization Techniques for Wireless Local Area
Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
9.1 Introduction 255
9.2 Nondedicated Localization Techniques 256
9.3 Location Tracking 272
9.4 Conclusion 274
10 Channel Assignment in Wireless Local Area Networks . . . . . . 277
10.1 Introduction 277
10.2 Preliminaries 280
10.3 Rings 282
10.4 Grids 285
10.5 Interval Graphs 288
10.6 Trees 292
10.7 Conclusion 296
11 MultiChannel MAC Protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc
Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
11.1 Introduction 301
11.2 Design Issues of Multichannel Protocols 302
11.3 Multichannel Protocols 303
11.4 Comparison of Multichannel MAC Protocols 320
11.5 Open Issues 321
11.6 Conclusions 322
12 Enhancing Quality of Service for Wireless Ad Hoc
Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
12.1 Introduction 326
12.2 Background 327
12.3 The Proposed EDCF-DM Protocol 331
12.4 Performance Evaluation 334
12.5 Conclusions 340
13 QoS Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks . . . . . . . . 343
13.1 Introduction 343
13.2 Reviews of the QoS Routing Protocols 345
13.3 Our QoS Routing Protocol 348
viii ■ Contents
13.4 Simulation Results 360
13.5 Conclusions 367
14 Energy Conservation Protocols for Wireless Ad Hoc
Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
14.1 Introduction 371
14.2 Power Management 371
14.3 Power Control 382
14.4 Topology Control Protocols 387
14.5 Summary 397
15 Wireless LAN Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
15.1 WEP and Its Security Weaknesses 399
15.2 802.1X Security Measures 405
15.3 IEEE 802.11i Security 410
15.4 Summary 417
16 Temporal Key Integrity Protocol and Its Security
Issues in IEEE 802.11i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
16.1 Introduction 419
16.2 Wired Equivalent Privacy and Its Weakness 420
16.3 Wi-Fi Protected Access 421
16.4 Temporal Key Integrity Protocol 423
16.5 Fragility of Michael 430
16.6 TKIP Countermeasures 431
16.7 Key Handshake Procedure 433
16.8 Conclusions 434
PART III: INTEGRATED SYSTEMS
17 Wireless Mesh Networks: Design Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
17.1 Introduction 439
17.2 Generic Architecture and Basic Requirements of
Wireless Mesh Networks 439
17.3 Network-Planning Techniques 442
17.4 Self-Configuring Techniques 448
17.5 Conclusions 458
18 Wireless Mesh Networks: Multichannel Protocols
and Standard Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
18.1 Introduction 461
18.2 Multichannel MAC Protocols 462
18.3 Multichannel Routing Protocols 473
18.4 Standard Activities of Mesh Networks 478
18.5 Conclusions 481
Contents ■ ix
19 Integrated Heterogeneous Wireless Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
19.1 Introduction 483
19.2 Integration of Infrastructure-Based Heterogeneous
Wireless Networks 485
19.3 Heterogeneous Wireless Multihop Networks 492
19.4 Research Issues for Heterogeneous Wireless Networks 500
19.5 Conclusions 502
20 Intrusion Detection for Wireless Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
20.1 Introduction 505
20.2 Background on Intrusion Detection 505
20.3 Intrusion Detection for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 506
20.4 Intrusion Detection for Wireless Sensor Networks 519
20.5 Conclusion 530
21 Security Issues in an Integrated Cellular
Network—WLAN and MANET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
21.1 Introduction 535
21.2 Architecture of the Integrated Network 537
21.3 Security Impacts from the Unique Network Characteristics 540
21.4 Potential Security Threats 542
21.5 An Investigation and Analysis of Security Protocols 554
21.6 New Security Issues and Challenges 564
21.7 Conclusion 566
22 Fieldbus for Distributed Control Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
22.1 Introduction 571
22.2 Review on Distributed Control 577
22.3 Fundamental Aspects of DCS 578
22.4 Standards, Frequency Bands, and Issues 580
22.5 Some of the Major Wireless Fieldbuses 583
22.6 Selecting a Fieldbus 590
22.7 Discussion and Conclusions 591
23 Supporting Multimedia Communication in the
Integrated WCDMA/WLAN/Ad Hoc Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
23.1 Introduction 595
23.2 Multiple Accesses in CDMA Uplink 599
23.3 Multiple Accesses in CDMA Downlink 605
23.4 Mobility Management 613
23.5 Design Integration with Ad Hoc Networks 620
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629