Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks: A Cross-Layer Design Perspective (Signals and Communication Technology)

269 Pages·2007·1.28 MB·English

by  Raja Jurdak

Springer Series on
S C T
IGNALS AND OMMUNICATION ECHNOLOGY
S C T
IGNALS AND OMMUNICATION ECHNOLOGY
Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks Advanced ManMachine Interaction
A Cross-Layer Design Perspective Fundamentals and Implementation
R. Jurdak K.-F. Kraiss
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Cryptographic Algorithms on Reconfigurable Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
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continued after index
Raja Jurdak
Wireless Ad Hoc and
Sensor Networks
A Cross-Layer Design Perspective
Raja Jurdak
University College Dublin
Dublín, Ireland
Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks: A Cross-Layer Design Perspective
Library of Congress Control Number: 2006935264
ISBN 978-0-387-39022-2 e-ISBN 978-0-387-39023-9
ISBN 0-387-39022-7 e-ISBN 0-387-39023-5
Printed on acid-free paper.
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Whose input and support have greatly improved the structure and
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Preface
Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks: A Cross-Layer Design Perspective
deals with the emerging design trend that transcends traditional communica-
tion layers for performance gains in ad hoc and sensor networks.
Recent technological advances have fueled research in the fields of ad hoc
and sensor networks that have applications in military, environmental, medi-
cal, and civilian domains. Alongside the novel opportunities, the distributed
infrastructureless nature of ad hoc and sensor networks poses new challenges
fornetworkdesigners,suchasthedistributionofnetworkmanagementacross
resource-limited nodes. To meet the unique challenges of ad hoc and sensor
networksandtoefficientlyutilizethelimitednoderesources,researchershave
proposed novel approaches and architectures that implicitly and explicitly
violate strictly layered design, cutting across traditional layer boundaries.
Since a comprehensive resource on ad hoc and sensor network cross-layer
design is not yet available, this book attempts to fill the gap through a struc-
tured comparison and analysis of both layered and cross-layer design. The
bookalsoprovides3casestudiesforillustratingthebenefitsofcross-layerde-
sign. The book is written with the goal of providing students and researchers
with comprehensive overviews on the issues relating to cross-layer design in
ad hoc and sensor networks, offering numerous references.
Due to its interdisciplinary character, the book is bound to attract read-
ersfrommanydifferentareas,suchassoftwareengineers,hardwareengineers,
application developers, network protocol designers, graduate students, com-
munication engineers, systems engineers, and university professors.
The author would like to acknowledge the contributions and support of
Cristina Videira Lopes and Pierre Baldi in developing some of the concepts
in this book, particularly the case studies.
Contents
1 Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks: Opportunities and
Challenges................................................. 1
Part I Layered Communication Approaches
2 Physical Layer............................................. 7
2.1 Communication Media ................................... 8
2.1.1 Wired Communication ............................. 8
2.1.2 Wireless Communication ........................... 9
2.2 Communication Technologies ............................. 10
2.2.1 Point-to-Point Communication Technologies .......... 10
2.2.2 Broadcast Communication Technologies .............. 11
2.3 Physical Layer Optimization Parameters ................... 13
2.3.1 Transmission Power ............................... 13
2.3.2 Processing Power.................................. 13
2.3.3 Sensing Power .................................... 14
2.3.4 Signal-to-Noise Ratio .............................. 14
2.3.5 Transmission Rate................................. 14
2.3.6 Modulation Code and Rate ......................... 15
3 Data Link Layer ........................................... 17
3.1 Introduction ............................................ 18
3.1.1 Protocol Overview................................. 18
3.2 Channel Separation and Access ........................... 20
3.2.1 Single Channel.................................... 20
3.2.2 Multiple Channels................................. 24
3.2.3 Channel Separation and Access Summary ............ 29
3.3 Transmission Initiation................................... 29
3.3.1 Sender-Initiated................................... 29
3.3.2 Receiver-Initiated ................................. 30
X Contents
3.3.3 Transmission Initiation Summary.................... 30
3.4 Topology ............................................... 31
3.4.1 Single Hop Flat Topology .......................... 31
3.4.2 Multiple Hop Flat Topology ........................ 32
3.4.3 Clustered Topology................................ 33
3.4.4 Centralized Topology .............................. 34
3.4.5 Topology Summary................................ 35
3.5 Power.................................................. 35
3.5.1 Transmit Power Control............................ 35
3.5.2 Sleep Mode....................................... 36
3.5.3 Battery Level Awareness ........................... 37
3.5.4 Reduced Control Overhead ......................... 38
3.5.5 Savings for Particular Settings ...................... 38
3.5.6 Increased Control Overhead ........................ 39
3.5.7 Power Summary................................... 39
3.6 Traffic Load and Scalability............................... 40
3.6.1 Highly Loaded Networks ........................... 40
3.6.2 Dense Networks ................................... 41
3.6.3 Voice and Real-Time Traffic ........................ 41
3.6.4 Unattended Long-Term Operation................... 42
3.6.5 More Selective Scenarios ........................... 42
3.6.6 Traffic Load and Scalability Summary................ 43
3.7 Logical Link Control..................................... 43
3.8 Conclusion and Discussion................................ 44
4 Network Layer............................................. 45
4.1 Route State Dissemination................................ 47
4.1.1 Proactive Routing Protocols ........................ 47
4.1.2 Reactive ......................................... 50
4.1.3 Hybrid........................................... 53
4.2 Topology ............................................... 54
4.2.1 Single Hop and Centralized Topologies ............... 54
4.2.2 Multiple Hop Flat Topology ........................ 55
4.2.3 Clustered Topology................................ 55
4.2.4 Multilevel Hierarchical Networks .................... 57
4.3 Multipath Routing ...................................... 58
4.4 Power-awareness ........................................ 59
4.5 Geographical Routing.................................... 61
4.6 Quality-of-Service ....................................... 62
5 Transport and Middleware Layers ......................... 65
5.1 Transport Layer......................................... 66
5.1.1 TCP and UDP.................................... 66
5.1.2 Ad Hoc Network Transport Protocols ................ 68
5.1.3 Sensor Network Transport Protocols ................. 70
Contents XI
5.2 Middleware............................................. 72
5.2.1 Middleware for Ad Hoc Networks.................... 73
5.2.2 Middleware for Sensor Networks..................... 74
6 Application Layer ......................................... 77
6.1 Ad Hoc Networks ....................................... 77
6.1.1 Ad Hoc Network Application Classes ................ 77
6.1.2 Application Performance Metrics .................... 79
6.2 Sensor Networks......................................... 82
6.2.1 Data Dissemination................................ 82
6.2.2 Application Performance Metrics .................... 84
Part II Cross-Layer Approaches
7 Cross-Layer Design ........................................ 89
7.1 Cross-Layer Design: A Definition .......................... 89
7.2 Cross-Layer Design for Traditional Networks................ 91
7.3 Why Cross-Layer Design for Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks?... 92
7.3.1 An Analogy ...................................... 92
7.3.2 Motivating Factors ................................ 93
7.3.3 Design Challenges ................................. 96
7.4 Cross-Layer Design Guidelines ............................ 97
7.4.1 Compatibility..................................... 97
7.4.2 Richer Interactions ................................ 98
7.4.3 Flexible and Tunable .............................. 98
8 Cross-Layer Architectures .................................101
8.1 Ad Hoc Networks .......................................101
8.1.1 MobileMan .......................................102
8.1.2 CrossTalk ........................................103
8.2 Sensor Networks.........................................104
8.2.1 Sensor Protocol ...................................105
8.2.2 TinyCubus .......................................106
8.2.3 Lu...............................................107
8.3 Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks .............................108
8.3.1 Jurdak...........................................108
9 Applied Cross-Layer Approaches ..........................111
9.1 Design Coupling Approaches..............................112
9.1.1 Girici and Ephremides .............................112
9.1.2 Cruz and Santhanam ..............................115
9.1.3 ElBatt and Ephremides ............................116
9.1.4 Kozat............................................117
9.1.5 Lu and Krishnamachari ............................119