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Wind Power Integration: Connection and system operational aspects (Iet Power and Energy) PDF

290 Pages·2007·2.42 MB·English
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IET Power and Energy Series 50 Wind Power Integration Connection and system operational aspects Brendan Fox, Damian Flynn, Leslie Bryans, Nick Jenkins, David Milborrow, Mark O’Malley, Richard Watson and Olimpo Anaya-Lara IETPOWERANDENERGYSERIES50 Wind Power Integration Wind Power Integration Connection and system operational aspects Brendan Fox, Damian Flynn, Leslie Bryans, Nick Jenkins, David Milborrow, Mark O’Malley, Richard Watson and Olimpo Anaya-Lara TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology PublishedbyTheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology,London,UnitedKingdom ©2007TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology Firstpublished2007 ThispublicationiscopyrightundertheBerneConventionandtheUniversalCopyright Convention.Allrightsreserved.Apartfromanyfairdealingforthepurposesofresearch orprivatestudy,orcriticismorreview,aspermittedundertheCopyright,Designsand PatentsAct,1988,thispublicationmaybereproduced,storedortransmitted,inany formsorbyanymeans,onlywiththepriorpermissioninwritingofthepublishers,orin thecaseofreprographicreproductioninaccordancewiththetermsoflicencesissued bytheCopyrightLicensingAgency.Inquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethose termsshouldbesenttothepublishersattheundermentionedaddress: TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology MichaelFaradayHouse SixHillsWay,Stevenage Herts,SG12AY,UnitedKingdom www.theiet.org Whiletheauthorandthepublishersbelievethattheinformationandguidancegivenin thisworkarecorrect,allpartiesmustrelyupontheirownskillandjudgmentwhen makinguseofthem.Neithertheauthornorthepublishersassumeanyliabilityto anyoneforanylossordamagecausedbyanyerrororomissioninthework,whether sucherrororomissionistheresultofnegligenceoranyothercause.Anyandallsuch liabilityisdisclaimed. Themoralrightsoftheauthorstobeidentifiedasauthorsofthisworkhavebeen assertedbytheminaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Windpowerintegration:connectionandsystemoperationalaspects 1.Windpower I.Fox,BendanII.InstitutionofElectricalEngineers 621.3’12136 ISBN978-0-86341-449-7 TypesetinIndiabyNewgenImagingSystems(P)Ltd,Chennai PrintedintheUKbyMPGBooksLtd,Bodmin,Cornwall Othervolumesinthisseries: Volume1 PowercircuitbreakertheoryanddesignC.H.Flurscheim(Editor) Volume4 IndustrialmicrowaveheatingA.C.MetaxasandR.J.Meredith Volume7 InsulatorsforhighvoltagesJ.S.T.Looms Volume8 VariablefrequencyAC-motordrivesystemsD.Finney Volume10 SF6switchgearH.M.RyanandG.R.Jones Volume11 ConductionandinductionheatingE.J.Davies Volume13 StatisticaltechnjiquesforhighvoltageengineeringW.Hauschildand W.Mosch Volume14 UninterruptiblepowersuppliesJ.PlattsandJ.D.StAubyn(Editors) Volume15 DigitalprotectionforpowersystemsA.T.JohnsandS.K.Salman Volume16 ElectricityeconomicsandplanningT.W.Berrie Volume18 VacuumswitchgearA.Greenwood Volume19 Electricalsafety:aguidetocausesandpreventionofhazards J.MaxwellAdams Volume21 Electricitydistributionnetworkdesign,2ndeditionE.Lakerviand E.J.Holmes Volume22 ArtificialintelligencetechniquesinpowersystemsK.Warwick, A.O.EkwueandR.Aggarwal(Editors) Volume24 PowersystemcommissioningandmaintenancepracticeK.Harker Volume25 Engineers’handbookofindustrialmicrowaveheatingR.J.Meredith Volume26 SmallelectricmotorsH.Moczalaetal. 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Volume51 ShortcircuitcurrentsJ.Schlabbach Volume52 NuclearpowerJ.Wood Volume905 Powersystemprotection,4volumes Contents Preface ix Listofacronyms xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 Worldenergyandclimatechange 2 1.2.1 Renewableenergy 2 1.3 Windenergy 4 1.3.1 Background 4 1.3.2 Changesinsizeandoutput 5 1.3.3 Energyproductivity 6 1.4 Designoptions 7 1.4.1 Blades 7 1.4.2 Controlandthepowertrain 8 1.4.3 Summaryofprincipaldesignoptions 8 1.5 Windfarms 9 1.5.1 Offshorewind 10 1.6 Economics 11 1.6.1 Windturbineprices 11 1.6.2 Electricity-generatingcosts 11 1.6.3 Carbondioxidesavings 12 1.7 Integrationandvariability:keyissues 14 1.7.1 Windfluctuations 14 1.7.2 Capacitycredits 16 1.7.3 Embeddedgenerationbenefits 17 1.7.4 Storage 17 1.8 Futuredevelopments 18 1.8.1 Technology 18 1.8.2 Futurepricetrends 18 vi Contents 1.8.3 Marketgrowth 19 1.8.4 Integrationissues 19 2 Powersystemfundamentals 21 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Basicprinciples 21 2.2.1 Electromagnetism 21 2.2.2 Magneticcircuits 24 2.2.3 Electromagneticinduction 25 2.2.4 Electricitysupply 25 2.2.5 Thetransformer 26 2.3 ACpowersupply 28 2.3.1 Powerinsteady-stateACsystems 28 2.3.2 Phasors 30 2.3.3 PowerinACsystems 33 2.4 Introductiontopowersystems 34 2.4.1 Three-phasesystems 34 2.4.2 Comparisonofsingle-andthree-phasesystems 35 2.4.3 Three-phasesupply 36 2.4.4 Balancedstar-connectedload 37 2.4.5 Balanceddelta-connectedload 38 2.4.6 Someusefulconventions 39 2.4.7 ThecomplexVAproduct 40 2.4.8 Equivalentsingle-phase 41 2.4.9 Theperunitsystem 41 2.5 Powertransmission 44 2.5.1 Lineparameters 44 2.5.2 Linemodels 47 2.5.3 Powertransmission 49 2.5.4 Voltageregulation 49 3 Windpowertechnology 53 3.1 Introduction 53 3.2 Historicalreviewofwindpowertechnology 53 3.3 Designchoicesforlargewindturbinegenerators 55 3.4 Energyextractionandpowerregulation 56 3.4.1 Energyextractionacrosstherotordisc 56 3.4.2 Powerregulation 60 3.5 Fixed-speedwindturbines 64 3.5.1 Reviewoftheinduction(asynchronous)machine 64 3.5.2 Fixed-speedinductiongenerator-basedwindturbine 69 3.6 Variable-speedwindturbines 72 3.6.1 DFIGwindturbine 73 3.6.2 Wide-rangevariable-speedsynchronousgeneratorwind turbine 77 Contents vii 4 Networkintegrationofwindpower 87 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 Windfarmstarting 87 4.3 Networkvoltagemanagement 89 4.3.1 Thevoltagelevelissue 89 4.4 Thermal/activepowermanagement 103 4.4.1 Planningapproaches/standards 103 4.4.2 Windfarmconnectionissues 104 4.4.3 Backbonesystemissues 105 4.4.4 Equipmentissues 107 4.5 Networkpowerqualitymanagement 108 4.5.1 Dips 108 4.5.2 Harmonics 108 4.5.3 Flicker 109 4.6 Transientsystemperformance 109 4.6.1 Frequencyperformanceanddynamicresponse 109 4.6.2 Transientresponse 111 4.7 Faultlevelissues 117 4.7.1 Equipmentcapability 117 4.8 Information 119 4.9 Protection 119 4.9.1 Systemprotection 119 4.9.2 Transmissionconnectedwindfarms 120 4.9.3 Distributionconnectedwindfarms 122 4.9.4 Windfarmprotection 124 5 Operationofpowersystems 127 5.1 Introduction 127 5.2 Load-frequencycontrol 128 5.2.1 Unitload-frequencycontrol 132 5.2.2 Emergencyfrequencycontrol 135 5.3 Systemoperationwithwindpower 140 5.3.1 Overviewofsystemoperationalchallengesofwind power 140 5.3.2 WindpowerinIreland 143 5.3.3 Systemoperationandwindvariability 158 5.3.4 Systemoperationalmodes 169 5.3.5 Capacitycredit 177 5.3.6 Ancillaryserviceprovision 180 5.3.7 Windturbinegeneratorinertialresponse 189 5.3.8 Distributedgenerationprotection 192 5.4 Energystorage/flexibleloadmanagement 195 5.4.1 Conventionalenergystorage 197 5.4.2 Demand-sidemanagement 200 5.4.3 Hydrogenenergystorage 202 viii Contents 6 Windpowerforecasting 209 6.1 Introduction 209 6.2 Meteorologicalbackground 210 6.2.1 Meteorology,weatherandclimate 210 6.2.2 Atmosphericstructureandscales 211 6.3 Numericalweatherprediction 212 6.4 Persistenceforecasting 214 6.4.1 Errormeasures 215 6.4.2 Referencemodels 216 6.5 Advancedwindpowerforecastingsystems 222 6.5.1 Prediktor 226 6.5.2 Statisticalmodels 230 6.5.3 Ensembleforecasting 235 6.6 Conclusions 236 7 Windpowerandelectricitymarkets 239 7.1 Introduction 239 7.2 Theelectricalenergymarket 241 7.3 Balancing,capacityandancillaryservices 243 7.4 Supportmechanisms 245 7.5 Costs 246 7.6 Investmentandrisk 249 7.7 Thefuture 250 Appendix:FACTStechnology 253 References 259 Index 269 Preface The impetus for the book is the rapid growth of wind power and the implications of this for future power system planning, operation and control. This would have been a considerable challenge for the vertically integrated power companies pre-1990. It has become an even greater challenge in today’s liberalised electricity market conditions. The aim of the book is to examine the main problems of wind power integration on a significantscale.Theauthorsthendrawontheirknowledgeandexpertisetohelpguide thereaderthroughanumberofsolutionsbasedoncurrentresearchandonoperational experienceofwindpowerintegrationtodate. The book’s backdrop was the commitment of the UK government (and European governments generally) to a target of 10 per cent of electrical energy from renewable energy sources by 2010, and an ‘aspirational goal’ of 20 per cent by 2020. There has alsobeenasignificantreductioninthecostofwindpowerplant,andhenceenergycost. Whereaveragewindspeedsare8m/sormore,asisthecaseformuchofGreatBritainand Ireland, thebasicproductioncostofwindenergyisnearlycompetitivewithelectricity from combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) plant, without the concern about long-term availabilityandcost.Thedownsideisthatthesupplyoverthesystemoperationaltime- scaleisdifficulttopredict.Inanycase,windpowercannotprovide‘firmcapacity’,and thereforesufferscommerciallyinmarketssuchasBETTA(Britishelectricitytradingand transmissionarrangements).Ontheotherhand,greenincentivesintheformofrenewable obligationcertificates(ROCs)providewindgeneratorswithasignificantextraincome. This is encouraging developers to come forward in numbers which suggest that the 10 per cent target may be attained. Indeed, Germany, Spain and Ireland are already experiencingwindenergypenetrationlevelsintheregionof5percent,whileDenmark reachedalevelof20percentsomeyearsago. Thebookattemptstoprovideasolidgroundinginallsignificantaspectsofwindpower integrationforengineersinavarietyofdisciplines.Thusamechanicalengineerwilllearn sufficientelectricalpowerengineeringtounderstandwindfarmvoltageregulationand faultride-throughproblems;whileanelectricalengineerwillbenefitfromthetreatment of wind turbine aerodynamics. They will both wish to understand electricity markets, andinparticularhowwindenergyislikelytofare. Theintroductorychapterchartstheremarkablegrowthofwindenergysince1990. Thevarioustechnicaloptionsforwindpowerextractionareoutlined.Thischapterthen

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The rapid growth of wind power and the implications of this on future power system planning, operation and control has become an even greater challenge in today's liberated electricity market conditions. This essential new book examines the main problems of wind power integration and guides the read
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