Wind Energy Modeling and Simulation: Volume 2: Turbine and system

417 Pages·2020·23.707 MB·English

by  Paul Veers

IETENERGYENGINEERINGSERIES125
Wind Energy Modeling
and Simulation
Othervolumesinthisseries:
Volume1 PowerCircuitBreakerTheoryandDesignC.H.Flurscheim(Editor)
Volume4 IndustrialMicrowaveHeatingA.C.MetaxasandR.J.Meredith
Volume7 InsulatorsforHighVoltagesJ.S.T.Looms
Volume8 VariableFrequencyACMotorDriveSystemsD.Finney
Volume10 SF6SwitchgearH.M.RyanandG.R.Jones
Volume11 ConductionandInductionHeatingE.J.Davies
Volume13 StatisticalTechniquesforHighVoltageEngineeringW.HauschildandW.Mosch
Volume14 UninterruptiblePowerSuppliesJ.PlattsandJ.D.StAubyn(Editors)
Volume15 DigitalProtectionforPowerSystemsA.T.JohnsandS.K.Salman
Volume16 ElectricityEconomicsandPlanningT.W.Berrie
Volume18 VacuumSwitchgearA.Greenwood
Volume19 ElectricalSafety:AguidetocausesandpreventionofhazardsJ.MaxwellAdams
Volume21 ElectricityDistributionNetworkDesign,2ndEditionE.LakerviandE.J.Holmes
Volume22 ArtificialIntelligenceTechniquesinPowerSystemsK.Warwick,A.O.Ekwueand
R.Aggarwal(Editors)
Volume24 PowerSystemCommissioningandMaintenancePracticeK.Harker
Volume25 Engineers’HandbookofIndustrialMicrowaveHeatingR.J.Meredith
Volume26 SmallElectricMotorsH.Moczalaetal.
Volume27 AC-DCPowerSystemAnalysisJ.ArrillagaandB.C.Smith
Volume29 HighVoltageDirectCurrentTransmission,2ndEditionJ.Arrillaga
Volume30 FlexibleACTransmissionSystems(FACTS)Y.-H.Song(Editor)
Volume31 EmbeddedGenerationN.Jenkinsetal.
Volume32 HighVoltageEngineeringandTesting,2ndEditionH.M.Ryan(Editor)
Volume33 OvervoltageProtectionofLow-VoltageSystems,RevisedEditionP.Hasse
Volume36 VoltageQualityinElectricalPowerSystemsJ.Schlabbachetal.
Volume37 ElectricalSteelsforRotatingMachinesP.Beckley
Volume38 TheElectricCar:Developmentandfutureofbattery,hybridandfuel-cellcars
M.Westbrook
Volume39 PowerSystemsElectromagneticTransientsSimulationJ.ArrillagaandN.Watson
Volume40 AdvancesinHighVoltageEngineeringM.HaddadandD.Warne
Volume41 ElectricalOperationofElectrostaticPrecipitatorsK.Parker
Volume43 ThermalPowerPlantSimulationandControlD.Flynn
Volume44 EconomicEvaluationofProjectsintheElectricitySupplyIndustryH.Khatib
Volume45 PropulsionSystemsforHybridVehiclesJ.Miller
Volume46 DistributionSwitchgearS.Stewart
Volume47 ProtectionofElectricityDistributionNetworks,2ndEditionJ.Gersand
E.Holmes
Volume48 WoodPoleOverheadLinesB.Wareing
Volume49 ElectricFuses,3rdEditionA.WrightandG.Newbery
Volume50 WindPowerIntegration:Connectionandsystemoperationalaspects
B.Foxetal.
Volume51 ShortCircuitCurrentsJ.Schlabbach
Volume52 NuclearPowerJ.Wood
Volume53 ConditionAssessmentofHighVoltageInsulationinPowerSystemEquipment
R.E.JamesandQ.Su
Volume55 LocalEnergy:DistributedgenerationofheatandpowerJ.Wood
Volume56 ConditionMonitoringofRotatingElectricalMachinesP.Tavner,L.Ran,
J.PenmanandH.Sedding
Volume57 TheControlTechniquesDrivesandControlsHandbook,2ndEditionB.Drury
Volume58 LightningProtectionV.Cooray(Editor)
Volume59 UltracapacitorApplicationsJ.M.Miller
Volume62 LightningElectromagneticsV.Cooray
Volume63 EnergyStorageforPowerSystems,2ndEditionA.Ter-Gazarian
Volume65 ProtectionofElectricityDistributionNetworks,3rdEditionJ.Gers
Volume66 HighVoltageEngineeringTesting,3rdEditionH.Ryan(Editor)
Volume67 MulticoreSimulationofPowerSystemTransientsF.M.Uriate
Volume68 DistributionSystemAnalysisandAutomationJ.Gers
Volume69 TheLighteningFlash,2ndEditionV.Cooray(Editor)
Volume70 EconomicEvaluationofProjectsintheElectricitySupplyIndustry,
3rdEditionH.Khatib
Volume72 ControlCircuitsinPowerElectronics:Practicalissuesindesignand
implementationM.Castilla(Editor)
Volume73 Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and Control Systems: The enabler for
smartergridsA.VaccaroandA.Zobaa(Editors)
Volume74 PowerElectronicConvertersandSystems:Frontiersandapplications
A.M.Trzynadlowski(Editor)
Volume75 PowerDistributionAutomationB.Das(Editor)
Volume76 PowerSystemStability:Modelling,analysisandcontrolB.OmP.Malik
Volume78 NumericalAnalysisofPowerSystemTransientsandDynamics
A.Ametani(Editor)
Volume79 Vehicle-to-Grid:LinkingelectricvehiclestothesmartgridJ.LuandJ.Hossain
(Editors)
Volume81 Cyber-Physical-SocialSystemsandConstructsinElectricPowerEngineering
S.Suryanarayanan,R.RocheandT.M.Hansen(Editors)
Volume82 PeriodicControlofPowerElectronicConvertersF.Blaabjerg,K.Zhou,
D.WangandY.Yang
Volume86 AdvancesinPowerSystemModelling,ControlandStabilityAnalysis
F.Milano(Editor)
Volume87 Cogeneration:Technologies,optimisationandimplementation
C.A.Frangopoulos(Editor)
Volume88 SmarterEnergy:FromsmartmeteringtothesmartgridH.Sun,
N.Hatziargyriou,H.V.Poor,L.CarpaniniandM.A.SánchezFornié(Editors)
Volume89 HydrogenProduction,SeparationandPurificationforEnergyA.Basile,
F.Dalena,J.TongandT.N.Vezirog˘lu(Editors)
Volume90 CleanEnergyMicrogridsS.ObaraandJ.Morel(Editors)
Volume91 FuzzyLogicControlinEnergySystemswithDesignApplicationsin
Matlab/Simulink®˙I.H.Altas¸
Volume92 PowerQualityinFutureElectricalPowerSystemsA.F.ZobaaandS.H.E.A.Aleem
(Editors)
Volume93 CogenerationandDistrictEnergySystems:Modelling,analysis
andoptimizationM.A.RosenandS.Koohi-Fayegh
Volume94 IntroductiontotheSmartGrid:Concepts,technologiesandevolution
S.K.Salman
Volume95 Communication,ControlandSecurityChallengesfortheSmartGrid
S.M.MuyeenandS.Rahman(Editors)
Volume97 SynchronizedPhasorMeasurementsforSmartGridsM.J.B.Reddyand
D.K.Mohanta(Editors)
Volume98 LargeScaleGridIntegrationofRenewableEnergySources
A.Moreno-Munoz(Editor)
Volume100ModelingandDynamicBehaviourofHydropowerPlantsN.Kishor
andJ.Fraile-Ardanuy(Editors)
Volume101 MethaneandHydrogenforEnergyStorageR.CarriveauandD.S.-K.Ting
Volume104 PowerTransformerConditionMonitoringandDiagnosisA.Abu-Siada(Editor)
Volume106 SurfacePassivationofIndustrialCrystallineSiliconSolarCellsJ.John(Editor)
Volume107 BifacialPhotovoltaics:Technology,applicationsandeconomicsJ.Libaland
R.Kopecek(Editors)
Volume108 FaultDiagnosisofInductionMotorsJ.Faiz,V.GhorbanianandG.Joksimovic´
Volume110 HighVoltagePowerNetworkConstructionK.Harker
Volume111 Energy Storage at Different Voltage Levels: Technology, integration, and
marketaspectsA.F.Zobaa,P.F.Ribeiro,S.H.A.AleemandS.N.Afifi(Editors)
Volume112 WirelessPowerTransfer:Theory,technologyandapplicationN.Shinohara
Volume115 DCDistributionSystemsandMicrogridsT.Dragicˇevic´,F.BlaabjergandP.Wheeler
Volume117 StructuralControlandFaultDetectionofWindTurbineSystemsH.R.Karimi
Volume119 Thermal&PowerPlantControlandInstrumentation: Thecontrolofboilers
andHRSGs,2ndEditionD.Lindsley,J.GristandD.Parker
Volume120 FaultDiagnosisforRobustInverterPowerDrivesA.Ginart(Editor)
Volume123 PowerSystemsElectromagneticTransientsSimulation,2ndEditionN.Watson
andJ.Arrillaga
Volume124 PowerMarketTransformationB.Murray
Volume126 DiagnosisandFaultToleranceofElectricalMachines,PowerElectronicsand
DrivesA.J.M.Cardoso
Volume128 CharacterizationofWideBandgapPowerSemiconductorDevicesF.Wang,
Z.ZhangandE.A.Jones
Volume130 WindandSolarBasedEnergySystemsforCommunitiesR.Carriveauand
D.S.-K.Ting(Editors)
Volume131 MetaheuristicOptimizationinPowerEngineeringJ.Radosavljevic´
Volume132 PowerLineCommunicationSystemsforSmartGridsI.R.S.Casellaand
A.Anpalagan
Volume905PowerSystemProtection,4Volumes
Wind Energy Modeling
and Simulation
Volume 2: Turbine and system
Edited by
Paul Veers
TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology
PublishedbyTheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology,London,UnitedKingdom
TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnologyisregisteredasaCharityinEngland&
Wales(no.211014)andScotland(no.SC038698).
©TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology2020
Firstpublished2019
ThispublicationiscopyrightundertheBerneConventionandtheUniversalCopyright
Convention.Allrightsreserved.Apartfromanyfairdealingforthepurposesofresearch
orprivatestudy,orcriticismorreview,aspermittedundertheCopyright,Designsand
PatentsAct1988,thispublicationmaybereproduced,storedortransmitted,inany
formorbyanymeans,onlywiththepriorpermissioninwritingofthepublishers,orin
thecaseofreprographicreproductioninaccordancewiththetermsoflicencesissued
bytheCopyrightLicensingAgency.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethose
termsshouldbesenttothepublisherattheundermentionedaddress:
TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology
MichaelFaradayHouse
SixHillsWay,Stevenage
Herts,SG12AY,UnitedKingdom
www.theiet.org
Whiletheauthorsandpublisherbelievethattheinformationandguidancegiveninthis
workarecorrect,allpartiesmustrelyupontheirownskillandjudgementwhenmaking
useofthem.Neithertheauthorsnorpublisherassumesanyliabilitytoanyoneforany
lossordamagecausedbyanyerrororomissioninthework,whethersuchanerroror
omissionistheresultofnegligenceoranyothercause.Anyandallsuchliability
isdisclaimed.
Themoralrightsoftheauthorstobeidentifiedasauthorsofthisworkhavebeen
assertedbytheminaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988.
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisproductisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
ISBN978-1-78561-523-8(hardbackVolume2)
ISBN978-1-78561-524-5(PDFVolume2)
ISBN978-1-78561-528-3(hardback2-Volumeset)
ISBN978-1-78561-521-4(hardbackVolume1)
ISBN978-1-78561-522-1(PDFVolume1)
TypesetinIndiabyMPSLimited
PrintedintheUKbyCPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon
Disclaimer
The following chapters were authored, in part, by the National Renewable Energy
Laboratory,operatedbyAllianceforSustainableEnergy,LLC,fortheU.S.Depart-
mentofEnergy(DOE)underContractNo.DE-AC36-08GO28308.Fundingprovided
bytheU.S.DepartmentofEnergyOfficeofEnergyEfficiencyandRenewableEnergy
WindEnergyTechnologiesOffice.Theviewsexpressedinthesearticledonotneces-
sarilyrepresenttheviewsoftheDOEortheU.S.Government.TheU.S.Government
retainsandthepublisher,byacceptingthearticleforpublication,acknowledgesthat
theU.S.Governmentretainsanonexclusive,paid-up,irrevocable,worldwidelicense
to publish or reproduce the published form of these chapters, or allow others to do
so,forU.S.Governmentpurposes.
Volume2:
Preface
Chapter3
Rotordesignandanalysis
CarloL.BottassoandPietroBortolotti
Chapter4
Drivetrainanalysisforreliabledesign
ZhiweiZhang,YiGuoandChristopherK.Baker
Chapter6
Windturbinecontroldesign
AlanWright,PaulFleming,AndrewScholbrock,KathrynJohnson,
LucyPao,andJan-WillemvanWingerden
Chapter7
Systemsengineeringandoptimizationofwindturbines
andpowerplants
AndrewNing,KatherineDykes,andJulianQuick
Chapter8
Windplantelectricalsystems:electricalgeneration,machines,
powerelectronics,andcollectorsystems
EduardMuljadi,RobertMarkNelmsandVahanGevorgian
This page intentionally left blank
Contents
Preface xv
Listofacronyms xxvii
1 Aerodynamics:turningwindintomechanicalmotion 1
MartinO.L.Hansen
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Steadybladeelementmomentummethod 5
1.3 UnsteadyBEM 10
1.4 LiftinglinemodelandexplainingPrandtl’stip-losscorrection 17
1.5 Limitationstothesimpleraerodynamicmodels 21
References 22
2 Windturbineaero-servo-elasticityanddynamics 25
MortenHartvigHansen
2.1 Aero-servo-elasticmodeling 26
2.1.1 Nonlinearequationsofmotion 26
2.1.2 Structuraldissipation 29
2.1.3 Generalizedforces 30
2.1.4 Aero-servo-elasticstate-spacemodel 34
2.1.5 Existingcodes 36
2.2 Modaldynamics 37
2.2.1 Linearequationofstructuralmotion 37
2.2.2 Modaldynamicsof2-and3-bladedturbines 38
2.3 Aeroelasticstability 50
2.3.1 Linearaeroelasticequationsofmotion 51
2.3.2 Aerodynamicdamping 52
2.3.3 Classicalflutter 58
References 69
3 Rotordesignandanalysis 73
CarloL.BottassoandPietroBortolotti
3.1 Thedesignprocess 73
3.1.1 Goalsandrequirements 74
3.1.2 Certificationstandards 74