Wind and Solar Power Systems: Design, Analysis, and Operation

406 Pages·2021·10.127 MB·English

by  Mukund R. Patel

Wind and Solar
Power Systems

Wind and Solar
Power Systems
Design, Analysis, and Operation
Mukund R. Patel and Omid Beik
Third edition published 2021
by CRC Press
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© 2021 Mukund R. Patel and Omid Beik
First edition published by CRC Press 1999
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ISBN: 978-0-367-47693-9 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-71620-2 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-04295-2 (ebk)
Typeset in Times
by SPi Global, India
Dedications
Dedicated to my parents Shakariba and Ranchhodbhai who practiced ingenuity,
and to my grandchildren Rayna, Dhruv, Naiya, Sevina, Viveka and Mira
for keeping me young
Mukund Patel
Dedicated to my family
Omid Beik

Contents
Preface .....................................................................................................................xiii
Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................xv
Author Biographies ................................................................................................xvii
List of Abbreviations and Conversion of Units .......................................................xix
Glossary ..................................................................................................................xxi
PART A Wind Power Systems
Chapter 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................3
1.1 Industry Overview .....................................................................3
1.2 History of Renewable Energy Development .............................4
1.3 Utility Perspective .....................................................................7
Further Reading ....................................................................................8
Chapter 2 Wind Power ..........................................................................................9
2.1 Wind Power in the World...........................................................9
2.2 U.S. Wind Power Development ...............................................12
References ..........................................................................................13
Chapter 3 Wind Speed and Energy .....................................................................15
3.1 Speed and Power Relation .......................................................15
3.2 Power Extracted from the Wind ..............................................17
3.3 Rotor-Swept Area ....................................................................19
3.4 Air Density ..............................................................................20
3.5 Wind Speed Distribution .........................................................21
3.6 Wind Speed Prediction ............................................................34
References ..........................................................................................34
Chapter 4 Wind Power Systems ..........................................................................37
4.1 System Components ................................................................37
4.2 Turbine Rating .........................................................................45
4.3 Power vs. Speed and TSR ........................................................47
4.4 Maximum Energy Capture ......................................................49
4.5 Maximum Power Operation ....................................................50
4.6 System-Design Trade-offs .......................................................52
4.7 System Control Requirements .................................................55
vii
viii Contents
4.8 Environmental Aspects ............................................................57
4.9 Potential Catastrophes .............................................................60
4.10 System-Design Trends .............................................................61
References ..........................................................................................62
Chapter 5 Electrical Generators ..........................................................................63
5.1 Turbine Conversion Systems ...................................................63
5.2 Synchronous Generator ..........................................................66
5.3 Induction Generator .................................................................70
5.4 Doubly Fed Induction Generator .............................................82
5.5 Direct-Driven Generator ..........................................................83
5.6 Unconventional Generators .....................................................85
5.7 Multiphase Generators .............................................................87
References ..........................................................................................89
Chapter 6 Generator Drives ................................................................................91
6.1 Speed Control Regions ............................................................92
6.2 Generator Drives ......................................................................95
6.3 Drive Selection ........................................................................98
6.4 Cutout Speed Selection ............................................................99
References ........................................................................................100
Chapter 7 Offshore Wind Farms .......................................................................101
7.1 Environmental Impact ...........................................................102
7.2 Ocean Water Composition .....................................................103
7.3 Wave Energy and Power ........................................................105
7.4 Ocean Structure Design .........................................................106
7.5 Corrosion ...............................................................................108
7.6 Foundation .............................................................................108
7.7 Materials ................................................................................111
7.8 Maintenance ..........................................................................112
References ........................................................................................113
Chapter 8 AC Wind Systems .............................................................................115
8.1 Overview................................................................................115
8.2 Wind Turbine and Wind Farm Components ..........................118
8.3 System Analyses ....................................................................120
8.4 Challenges .............................................................................123
References ........................................................................................123
Contents ix
Chapter 9 DC Wind Systems ............................................................................125
9.1 Making a Case for All-DC Wind System ..............................125
9.2 Overview................................................................................125
9.3 All-DC System Components .................................................128
9.4 System Analyses ....................................................................133
9.5 Variable Voltage Collector Grid .............................................136
References ........................................................................................139
PART B Photovoltaic Power Systems
Chapter 10 Photovoltaic Power ...........................................................................143
10.1 Building-Integrated PV System .............................................145
10.2 PV Cell Technologies ............................................................147
References ........................................................................................153
Chapter 11 Photovoltaic Power Systems ............................................................155
11.1 PV Cell ..................................................................................155
11.2 Module and Array ..................................................................156
11.3 Equivalent Electrical Circuit ..................................................157
11.4 Open-Circuit Voltage and Short-Circuit Current ...................159
11.5 I-V and P-V Curves ...............................................................160
11.6 Array Design .........................................................................162
11.7 Peak-Power Operation ...........................................................171
11.8 System Components of Stand-Alone System ........................172
References ........................................................................................174
Chapter 12 Solar Power Conversion Systems .....................................................175
12.1 Overview................................................................................175
12.2 Solar Power Electronics Systems ..........................................175
12.3 Challenges ............................................................................182
12.4 Trend and Future....................................................................183
References ........................................................................................184