Table Of Content

Wind and Solar Energy Applications This book examines the recent advances, from theoretical and applied perspectives, addressing the major issues associated with renewable energy systems, with each chapter covering fundamental issues and latest developments. This book covers important themes, including solar energy equipment, wind and solar energy systems, energy storage and bioenergy applications, hybrid renewable energy systems, as well as the measurement techniques that are used for these systems. Further, it focusses on original research outcomes on various technological developments and provides insights to taxonomy of challenges, issues, and research directions in renewable energy applications. Features: • Covers research and technological developments in wind and solar energy applications. • Proposes resolution of limitations and performance issues of existing system models and design. • Incorporates the challenges of adoption of renewable energies system. • Provides hypotheses, mathematical analysis, and real-time practical applications to practical problems. • Includes case studies of implementation of solar and wind systems in remote areas. This book is aimed at researchers, professionals, and graduate students in electrical and mechanical engineering and renewable energy. Wind and Solar Energy Applications Technological Challenges and Advances Edited By Satish Kumar Peddapelli and Peter Virtic Designed cover image: © Shutterstock First edition published 2023 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487–2742 and by CRC Press 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC © 2023 selection and editorial matter, Satish Kumar Peddapelli and Peter Virtic; individual chapters, the contributors Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. 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ISBN: 978-1-032-28846-8 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-34390-7 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-32189-7 (ebk) DOI: 10.1201/9781003321897 Typeset in Times by Apex CoVantage, LLC Contents Editors’ Biographies ............................................................................................................................................................vii Chapter 1 Investigation of Offshore Wind Energy Potential across Three Southern Coastal Regions in India ..............1 Saravana Venkatesh G, Amutha N, and N. Kumutha Chapter 2 Power Quality Enhancement of Fixed- and Variable-Speed WEGS Using HSAPF Based on 5-Level Cascaded Multilevel Inverter and Fuzzy Logic Controller ...............................................................13 Seema Agrawal and Mahendra Kumar Chapter 3 Forecasting of Wind Power Using Hybrid Machine Learning Approach ......................................................27 Mahaboob Shareef Syed, Ch.V. Suresh, B. Sreenivasa Raju, M. Ravindra Babu, and Y. S. Kishore Babu Chapter 4 Improving Power Quality of Modern Hybrid Polygeneration SOFC- and PMSG-Based WES Using ANN-Controlled UPQC .............................................................................................................35 Ch. Siva Kumar Chapter 5 Review on Reconfiguration Techniques to Track Down the Maximum Power Under Partial Shadings ..............................................................................................................................................47 V. Ramu, P. Satish Kumar, and G. N. Srinivas Chapter 6 Electric Vehicles – Past, Present, and Future .................................................................................................59 A. Jagadeeshwaran and H. Shree Kumar Chapter 7 Onboard Electric Vehicle Charger in G2V and V2G Modes Based on PI, PR, and SMC Controllers with Solar PV Charging Circuit ..................................................................................................81 Premchand Mendem and Satish Kumar Gudey Chapter 8 Experimental Investigation on Hybrid Photovoltaic and Thermal Solar Collector System.........................101 P Narasimha Siva Teja, S. K. Gugulothu, and B. Bhasker Chapter 9 Concentrated Solar Integrated Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Wastes and Algal Feedstock: Recent Advances and Challenges.................................................................................................................109 Namrata Sengar, Matthew Pearce, Christopher Sansom, Xavier Tonnellier, and Heather Almond Chapter 10 Integrated PV-Wind-Battery-Based Single-Phase System ...........................................................................121 B. Mangu, P. Satish Kumar, and A. Jayaprakash Chapter 11 Modeling of Power Management Strategy Using Hybrid Energy Generating Sources ...............................137 Hinal Surati Chapter 12 Photovoltaic Transformerless Inverter Topologies for Grid-Integrated High-Efficiency Applications ............151 Ahmad Syed, S. Tara Kalyani, Xiaoqiang Guo, and Freddy Tan Kheng Suan v vi Contents Chapter 13 Performance Analysis of Rooftop Grid-Connected Solar PV System Under Net Metering System: A Case Study ..................................................................................................................................169 T. Bramhananda Reddy, G. Sreenivasa Reddy, and Y. V. Siva Reddy Chapter 14 Isolated Bidirectional Dual Active Bridge (DAB) Converter for Photovoltaic System: An Overview ............175 Nishit Tiwary, Venkataramana Naik N, Anup Kumar Panda, Rajesh Kumar Lenka, and Ankireddy Narendra Chapter 15 Sustainable Energy Management in Lighting Urban Public Places.............................................................189 Melita Rozman Cafuta and Peter Virtič Chapter 16 A Review on Multiobjective Control Schemes of Conventional Hybrid DC/AC Microgrid .......................197 S. Mamatha and G. Mallesham Chapter 17 Recent Advancements in Solar Thermal Technology for Heating and Cooling Applications ....................205 Sunita Mahavar Chapter 18 Developments in Wide-Area Monitoring for Major Renewables: Wind and Solar Energy .........................227 S. Behera and B. B. Pati Chapter 19 Solving Issues of Grid Integration of Solar and Wind Energy Models by Using a Novel Power Flow Algorithm ............................................................................................................................................251 R. Satish, K. Vaisakh, and Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz Chapter 20 Multifunctional PV-Integrated Bidirectional Off-Board EV Battery Charger Targeting Smart Cities .......267 Rajesh Kumar Lenka, Anup Kumar Panda, Venkataramana Naik N, Laxmidhar Senapati, and Nishit Tiwary Chapter 21 Integration of Wind, Solar, and Pumped Hydro Renewable Energy Sources in Rayalaseema Region: A Case Study ..................................................................................................................................281 Y. V. Siva Reddy, T. Bramhananda Reddy, and E. Sanjeeva Rayudu Chapter 22 Photovoltaic-Based Hybrid Integration of DC Microgrid into Public Ported Electric Vehicle ...................287 S. Pragaspathy, V. Karthikeyan, R. Kannan, N. S. D Prakash Korlepara, and Mr. Bekkam Krishna Chapter 23 Battery Packs in Electric Vehicles ...............................................................................................................305 Antonio Peršić Chapter 24 Alternative Wind Energy Turbines ..............................................................................................................323 Andrej Predin, Matej Fike, Marko Pezdevšek, and Gorazd Hren Chapter 25 MPPT Controller for Partially Shaded Solar PV System.............................................................................333 M. Subashini and M. Ramaswamy Chapter 26 Adaptive Control of Smart Microgrid Using AI Techniques .......................................................................349 Krishna Degavath and Mallesham Gaddam Index ..................................................................................................................................................................................363 Editors’ Biographies Satish Kumar Peddapelli is professor in the Department tem for smart home control using artificial intelligence.” of Electrical Engineering, University College of Engineer- He received the award for the Best Student in Secondary ing, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India. He has com- School of Electrotechnics and Computing in Velenje; the pleted his BTech in EEE from JNTU, obtained his MTech Rector’s Award for the best student in the generation of the in power electronics from JNTUH, and got his doctorate Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, in the area of multilevel inverters in the year 2011 from University of Maribor; the award for the “Best Graduate JNTUH. His areas of interests are power electronics, drives, Student” of study program in electrical engineering at the power converters, multilevel inverters, special machines, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science; and renewable energy systems. He is a senior member of the award of the Polish Society of Theoretical and Applied IEEE, life member of ISTE and FIE(I), and member of Electromagnetics; the award of the President of the Pol- SSI. He completed two major research projects as the prin- ish Association of Applied Electromagnetics; the award cipal investigator funded by UGC and SERB, government for the “Best Poster Paper” at the 13th Conference of the of India. He is currently implementing Indo–Sri Lanka IEEE CEFC 2008; the award at the Day of the Faculty of joint research project funded by DST, government of India. Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University Under his supervision, four research scholars were awarded of Maribor; the award at the University of Maribor for and eight are pursuing their PhD degrees. He established extremely important successes and achievements in scien- “Research Lab for Multilevel Inverters” at EED, UCE, tific research and educational field in the development of OU. He has over 24 years of teaching and research experi- professional and personal contribution to the reputation ence and published more than 98 publications in interna- of the Faculty of Energy Technology, University of Mari- tional journals and international conferences. He received bor; the award for top-rated teacher (the best grades in a “certificate of merit” for his research paper which was the student survey) at the Faculty of Energy Technology, presented in an international conference at the University University of Maribor, in the academic year 2013/2014 and of California, USA. He has delivered keynote addresses in 2014/2015; the award for top-rated teacher at the Faculty of international conferences held at Singapore and Paris. He Energy Technology, University of Maribor; and the ranking applied for three patents on cascaded multilevel inverters, on top publications list (Metina lista) for published paper neutral point clamped multilevel inverters, and power con- in applied energy. He is a member of IEEE and a member ditioners. He received the “Best Teacher Award” from the of the editorial board of the Journal of Energy Technology. state government of Telangana, the “Award for Research He has worked on several EU-funded and national projects, Excellence,” the “Global Teacher Role Model Award,” and such as the “L2–1180”: National Agency for Research and the “Fast Track Scheme for Young Scientist Award.” Dr. Development (1.2.2008–30.1.2010) high-efficient hybrid P. Satish Kumar visited various countries like the United synchronous permanent magnet motor; the “EN-DIFF”: States of America, France, Switzerland, Japan, Hong Kong, Energy2B_Inteligent Energy Europe Programme; the Singapore, Bangkok, and Sri Lanka to present his research “ENERSCAPES”: Territory, landscape, and renewable papers in various international conferences, to engage in energy sources – MED Programme; the “MANERGY”: collaborative research, and to deliver expert lectures and Paving the way for self-sufficient regional energy supply keynote addresses. based on sustainable energy concepts and renewable energy sources, Central Europe Programme; the “PV-NET”: Pro- Peter Virtic was born in Slovenj Gradec, Slovenia, in 1979. motion of PV energy through net metering optimization, He received a BS degree in electrical engineering in 2004 MED Programme; the “TREND”: Training for Renewable and a PhD degree in electrical engineering in 2009 from Energy Network Development, Erasmus+ Programme; the the University of Maribor, Faculty of Electrical Engineer- “ERESPLAN”: Innovative Educational Tools for Energy ing and Computer Science. From 2004 to 2009, he was a Planning, Erasmus+ Programme; the “TOGETHER”: researcher with the Development Centre for Electrical Towards a Goal of Efficiency Through Energy Reduction, Machines. Since 2009, he has been an assistant profes- Central Europe Programme; the “STORES”: Promotion of sor with the Faculty of Energy Technology, University of higher penetration of distributed PV through storage for all, Maribor, Slovenia. His research interests include perma- MED Programme; the “IQ HOME,” financed by the Min- nent magnet machines, axial-flux machines, analytical and istry of Education, Science, and Sport; the “OSCI-GEN,” numerical modeling, and developing analytical tools for the financed by the Ministry of Education, Science, and Sport; analysis of electrical machines. His bibliography comprises and the “PAKT,” smart devices and models in power grid, 238 bibliographic units. He has national patent on “the sys- by SPIRIT Slovenia. vii 1 Investigation of Offshore Wind Energy Potential across Three Southern Coastal Regions in India Saravana Venkatesh G, Amutha N, and N. Kumutha CONTENTS 1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................1 1.2 Site Description ............................................................................................................................................................2 1.3 Weibull Distribution Function ......................................................................................................................................3 1.3.1 Weibull Distribution Function ..........................................................................................................................3 1.3.2 Most Probable and Most Energy-Carrying Wind Speeds ................................................................................4 1.3.3 Estimation of Weibull Shape k and Scale c Parameters ...................................................................................4 1.3.4 WAsP Method ...................................................................................................................................................4 1.3.5 Graphical Method .............................................................................................................................................4 1.3.6 Maximum Likelihood Method .........................................................................................................................4 1.3.7 Prediction Model for Weibull Distribution Model ...........................................................................................4 1.4 Results and Discussions ................................................................................................................................................5 1.4.1 Wind Speed Frequency Distribution ................................................................................................................5 1.4.2 Wind Rose Analysis..........................................................................................................................................5 1.4.3 Wind Rose Analysis..........................................................................................................................................5 1.4.4 Wind Power Class and Wind Power Density Analysis .....................................................................................5 1.4.5 Wind Turbine Net Power Output (kW) ...........................................................................................................10 1.5 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................................10 1.6 References ...................................................................................................................................................................11 1.1 INTRODUCTION Normally, wind resources at offshore locations have lesser turbulence and low wind shear; this lesser turbulence leads Due to globalization, energy demand is increasing day by to harvesting more energy from wind turbines effectively day in developed countries as well as in emerging economic and also reducing fatigue loads on the turbines, which and developing countries [1]. In recent years, due to limited ultimately results in an increase in the lifetime of offshore usage of fossil fuel, importance has been given to renewable wind turbines [3–5]. Also, rather than installing and locat- energy sources, like wind, solar, and tidal energy. Among ing onshore wind turbines near highly densely populated these different kinds of energy sources, wind energy is one areas, offshore wind energy is an alternative choice [6]. of the most popular renewable energy sources because of the India is the world’s fourth largest in wind energy mar- many positive factors associated with it, such as its clean- ket, and the country’s installed wind energy capacity is liness, abundance, inability to produce any harmful gases, 32.8 GW at the end of 2017. Though the Ministry of New and also producing power at very attractive prices [2]. and Renewable Energy (MNRE), India, predicted that the Utilizing wind sources for generating energy can be onshore wind power installation at the end of year 2022 will done with wind turbines. Locating the wind turbines either be around 60 GW approximately [7], India is now prepar- in onshore or offshore regions for estimating wind energy ing for offshore wind energy potential road map with the potential is the next challenging issue. The major cities of support of the Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC). the world are located near coastal regions, so in order to Murthy et al. [8] carried out a wind power potential assess- prevent the requirement of longer transmission lines and ment over the coastal region of Bheemunipatnam in northern provide feasibility in generating larger amount of energy Andhra Pradesh, India, and observed that the variations in in an economic manner, offshore wind turbines are suitable mean, minimum, and maximum wind speed values are in the in such cases. Thus, in recent years, significant importance range of 4.41–5.61 m/s, 0.57–1.64 m/s, and 9.1–15.03 m/s, has been given to offshore wind energy potential across respectively. Serhat et al. [9] conducted a wind resource the world. Many research works have been carried out to assessment of Izmit in the west Black Sea coastal region of estimate offshore wind energy potential across the world. Turkey and analyzed its turbulence intensity and economic DOI: 10.1201/9781003321897-1 1