Wildlife and Forest Crime Analytic Toolkit

212 Pages·2013·2.82 MB·English

Wildlife and Forest Crime
Analytic Toolkit
REVISED EDITION
INTERNATIONAL CONSORTIUM ON COMBATING WILDLIFE CRIME
This publication is made possible through funding received from the European Union.
UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME
Vienna
Wildlife and Forest
Crime Analytic Toolkit
REVISED EDITION
UNITED NATIONS
New York, 2012
© United Nations, November 2012. All rights reserved.
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the
expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concern-
ing the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the
delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
This publication has not been formally edited.
Publishing production: English, Publishing and Library Section, United Nations Office at Vienna.
Acknowledgements
The Wildlife and Forest Crime Analytic Toolkit was prepared by the United Nations Office on Drugs
and Crime (UNODC) with the support of the Secretariat of the Convention on International Trade
in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), the International Criminal Police
Organization (INTERPOL), the World Bank and the World Customs Organization (WCO).
Together, all five agencies form the International Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crime
(ICCWC). Technical and substantive contributions were made by John M. Sellar, Chief of
Enforcement Support of the CITES Secretariat; William B. Magrath, Lead Natural Resource
Economist for Rural Development and Natural Resources in South Asia (whose contributions were
made possible by support from a World Bank project funded by the Australian Agency for
International Development on links between corruption and forestry); Theodore S. Greenberg, con-
sultant on money-laundering issues, World Bank; David Higgins, Environmental Programme
Manager, INTERPOL; Hui Fu, Environment Programme Manager, World Customs Organization;
Jorge Rios, Chief of Sustainable Livelihoods Unit and Miwa Kato, Programme Officer of the
Integrated Programme and Oversight Branch, UNODC. The Toolkit was edited by Dienne Miller,
with the support of CITES and a generous contribution from the European Commission. Valuable
assistance was provided by Sarah Koch, Mila Dadrass and Benedikt Hofmann, UNODC. The devel-
opment of this Toolkit would not have been possible without the participation of a number of
external and UNODC experts named below. Their dedication to this project was evidenced in their
generous contributions and their thoughtful comments and feedback. To them, the International
Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crime offers its gratitude.
INTERPOL
Justin Gosling
WCO
Daniel Moell
UNODC
Giovanni Broussard
Demostenes Chryssikos
Celso Coracini
Conor Crean
Thi Thuy Van Dinh
Ajit Joy
Karen Kramer
Ian Munro
Mark Shaw
Justice Tettey
Candice Welsch
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Contents
Abbreviations .............................................................................. x
About the Toolkit ........................................................................... xi
Executive summary ....................................................................... 1
1. Background .......................................................................... 2
1.1 International Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crime .......................... 4
2. Purpose, concept and objectives ....................................................... 4
2.1 Purpose ........................................................................ 4
2.2 Concept ........................................................................ 5
2.3 Specific objectives ............................................................... 6
2.4 Audience ....................................................................... 7
3. Structure and contents of the Toolkit .................................................. 8
4. Methodology ......................................................................... 9
5. Using the Toolkit ..................................................................... 9
Part one. Legislation
1. International law ...................................................................... 13
1.1 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild
Fauna and Flora. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.2 United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime ............... 17
1.3 United Nations Convention against Corruption .................................. 18
1.4 Other international conventions ................................................. 19
1.5 Bilateral agreements ............................................................. 21
2. Domestic law ......................................................................... 23
2.1 Wildlife and forest law .......................................................... 25
2.2 Species protection ............................................................... 27
2.3 Criminal law .................................................................... 31
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3. Wildlife and forest offences ........................................................... 34
3.1 Illegal logging and harvesting .................................................... 36
3.2 Illegal hunting (poaching) ....................................................... 39
3.3 Illegal processing of animal and plant material .................................... 40
3.4 Trafficking, trade, sale and supply ................................................ 41
3.5 Import and export offences ...................................................... 41
3.6 Acquisition, possession and consumption ........................................ 43
3.7 Penalties ........................................................................ 44
4. Related offences ...................................................................... 46
4.1 Document fraud and related matters ............................................. 46
4.2 Money-laundering ............................................................... 48
4.3 Other corruption-related offences ................................................ 53
4.4 Tax evasion and non-payment of duties and other fees. ........................... 57
4.5 Criminal organizations .......................................................... 58
5. Regional and specialized initiatives .................................................... 59
5.1 Forest Law Enforcement and Governance ....................................... 60
5.2 Wildlife enforcement networks .................................................. 62
5.3 Certification systems and schemes, and private and voluntary standards ........... 63
Part two. Enforcement
1. Enforcement agencies ................................................................. 67
1.1 Enforcement mandates .......................................................... 68
1.2 Community policing ............................................................ 72
1.3 Partnerships .................................................................... 73
2. Human resources ..................................................................... 74
2.1 Staffing ......................................................................... 74
2.2 Recruitment .................................................................... 76
2.3 Training ........................................................................ 77
3. Intelligence ........................................................................... 80
3.1 Intelligence gathering and exchange .............................................. 80
3.2 Covert techniques ............................................................... 82
3.3 Informants ...................................................................... 85
3.4 Patrols and checkpoints ......................................................... 85
3.5 Proactive investigations .......................................................... 86
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4. Enforcement powers .................................................................. 87
4.1 Sources of enforcement powers .................................................. 87
4.2 Types of investigative powers .................................................... 88
4.3 Exercise of power, and checks and balances ...................................... 89
4.4 Facilities and equipment ......................................................... 90
5. Investigation procedures and techniques ............................................... 91
5.1 Reporting offences .............................................................. 91
5.2 Information and evidence gathering .............................................. 92
5.3 Wildlife and forest crime scene work ............................................. 93
5.4 Identification of suspects ........................................................ 93
5.5 Interviewing .................................................................... 94
5.6 Witness and victim protection ................................................... 95
5.7 Forensics and crime scene investigation .......................................... 96
5.8 Financial investigations .......................................................... 98
6. Border control and Customs .......................................................... 99
7. International cooperation in criminal matters .......................................... 103
7.1 Legal frameworks ............................................................... 103
7.2 INTERPOL .................................................................... 104
7.3 Operation, procedures and administration ........................................ 106
7.4 Law enforcement cooperation and information sharing ........................... 107
8. Technical assistance and aid ........................................................... 109
8.1 International and regional assistance ............................................. 109
8.2 Bilateral and multilateral donors ................................................. 110
8.3 Donor coordination ............................................................. 110
9. Accountability and integrity ........................................................... 111
Part three. Judiciary and prosecution
1. Judiciary ............................................................................. 115
1.1 Structure and organization of the judiciary ....................................... 116
1.2 Resources of the judiciary ....................................................... 118
1.3 Information management ........................................................ 120
1.4 Accountability and integrity of the judiciary ...................................... 121
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2. Prosecution .......................................................................... 122
2.1 Source, organization and delegation of the prosecution authority .................. 122
2.2 Operation and workload of the prosecution authority ............................ 124
2.3 Resources of the prosecution authority .......................................... 125
2.4 Accountability and integrity ..................................................... 128
3. International cooperation in criminal matters .......................................... 129
3.1 Extradition ..................................................................... 129
3.2 Mutual legal assistance .......................................................... 130
3.3 Confiscation of assets ........................................................... 132
3.4 Transfer of proceedings .......................................................... 134
3.5 Transfer of sentenced persons ................................................... 135
4. Sentencing and sanctions ............................................................. 135
4.1 Principles of sentencing ......................................................... 136
4.2 Sanctions ....................................................................... 137
5. Restitution, compensation and restoration ............................................. 138
Part four. Drivers and prevention
1. Context analysis ...................................................................... 144
1.1 Actors in the wildlife and forest supply chain ..................................... 144
1.2 Uses of wildlife and forest resources ............................................. 149
2. Wildlife and forest management ....................................................... 154
2.1 Wildlife and forest management systems ......................................... 155
2.2 Wildlife and forest management plans ............................................ 157
3. Social capacity-building ............................................................... 162
3.1 Poverty reduction ............................................................... 163
3.2 Participative approaches ......................................................... 163
4. Trade and legal markets ............................................................... 164
5. Awareness-raising ..................................................................... 165
6. Concluding remarks .................................................................. 165
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