Wild Cats: Status Survey And Conservation Action Plan (Iucn Ssc Action Plans for the Conservation of Biological Div)

421 Pages·1996·23.45 MB·English

by  Peter Jackson

0 1996 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
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ISBN Z-8317-0045-0
Published by IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
Camera-ready copy by the Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield, Illinois 60513, U.S.A.
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Printed by The Burlington Press, Cambridge, U.K.
Cover photo: Margay, Leopardus wiedi (Giinter Ziesler).
Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan
Wild Cats
Compiled and edited by
Kristin Nowell and Peter Jackson
IUCNESC Cat Specialist Group
NJCN
The World Conservation Union SPECIES SURVIVAL COMMISSION CAT SPECIALIST GROUP
n Chicago Zoological Soaety WWF CONSEKVATION INTERNATLONAL
IUCN/Species Survival Commission
Conservation Communications Fund and
Contributors to WiZd Cats
In 1992, IUCN’s Species Survival Commission estab- The National Wildlife Federation (NWF) makes a sig-
lished the Conservation Communications Fund to garner nificant annual contribution to the SSC Conservation
support for its expansive Publications Programme which Communications Fund, in addition to grants for in situ
promotes conservation by: (1) providing objective scien- conservation coordinated by the SSC. NWF is the largest
tific information about biodiversity, habitats, and ecosys- non-governmental, non-profit conservation-education and
tems; (2) identifying high priority actions for conservation; advocacy organization in the United States. It emphasizes
and (3) delivering the information and recommendations assisting individuals and organizations of all cultures, in
to natural resource managers, decision-makers, and others the United States and abroad, to conserve wildlife and
whose actions affect the conservation of biodiversity. other natural resources and to protect the earth’s environ-
ment to assure a peaceful, equitable, and sustainable future.
The SSC’s Action Plans (Wild Cats is #28 in the series),
Occasional Papers, newsletter (Species), membership The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) provides sig-
directory, and other publications are supported by a wide nificant annual operating support to the SSC. WWF’s con-
variety of generous donors (see below): tribution supports the SSC’s minimal infrastructure and
helps ensure that the voluntary network and Publications
The Sultanate of Oman established the Peter Scott Programme are adequately supported. WWF aims to con-
IUCN/SSC Action Plan Fund in 1990. The Fund supports serve nature and ecological processes by: (1) preserving
Action Plan development and implementation; to date, genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity; (2) ensuring that
more than 80 grants have been made from the Fund to the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable both
Specialist Groups. As a result, the Action Plan Programme now and in the longer term; and (3) promoting actions to
has progressed at an accelerated level and the network has reduce pollution and the wasteful exploitation and con-
grown and matured significantly. The SSC is grateful to sumption of resources and energy. WWF is one of the
the Sultanate of Oman for its confidence in and support for world’s largest independent conservation organizations,
species conservation worldwide. with a network of national organizations and associates
around the world and over 5.2 million regular supporters.
The Chicago Zoological Society (CZS) provides signifi- WWF continues to be known as World Wildlife Fund in
cant in-kind and cash support to the SSC, including grants Canada and in the United States of America.
for special projects, editorial and design services, staff sec-
ondments, and related support services. The president of Publication of Wild Cats was made possible with
CZS and director of Brookfield Zoo, George B. Rabb, generous grants from WWF-Netherlands and WWF-
serves as the volunteer Chair of the SSC. The mission of International.
CZS is to help people develop a sustainable and harmo-
nious relationship with nature. Brookfield Zoo carries out Other contributors include Conservation International and
its mission by informing and inspiring 2 million visitors the International Fur Trade Federation.
annually, by serving as a refuge for species threatened with
extinction, by developing scientific approaches to man-
age species successfully in zoos and the wild, and by
working with other zoos, agencies, and protected areas
around the world to conserve habitats and wildlife.
ii
Contents
Page Page
Foreword .. .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . vii 2. North Africa and Southwest Asia.. ...................... .36
Elizabeth Marshall Thomas Vulnerability Index to Species
of the Region (Box 1). ......................................... 36
Acknowledgements .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. i x Asiatic lion, Panthera leo persica. ........................... 37
Cheetah,A cinonyx jubatus ....................................... 41
Introduction .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . x i Leopard, Panthera pardus ....................................... 44
Sand cat, Felis margarita ......................................... 47
Executive Summary .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . xii Caracal, Caracal caracal ......................................... 50
Global Ranking of Cat Species
.. .
Vulnerability (Box 1) .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. x 111 3. Tropical Asia ........................................................... 54
RegionalR anking of Cat Species Vulnerability Index to Species
Vulnerability (Box 2) .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .x iv of the Region (Box 1). ......................................... 54
Tiger, Panthera tigris ............................................... 55
Taxonomy of the Felidae .. .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. x vi Borneanb ay cat, Catopumab adia ........................... 65
Classificationo f the Felidae (Box 1) Clouded leopard,N eofelis nebulosa. ...................... .66
W. Christopher Wozencraft . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . xvii Asiatic golden cat, Catopumat emmincki. .............. .69
Flat-headedc at, Prionailurus planiceps ................. .70
The History of Felid Classification
. .. Rusty-spottedc at, Prionailurus rubiginosus. ......... .72
Lars Werdelin. .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .x v111 Fishing cat, Prionailurus viverrinus ....................... .74
Molecular Geneticsa nd Phylogenetics Marbled cat, Pardofelis marmorata... ..................... .76
of the Felidae Leopard, Panthera pardus ....................................... 78
. ..
StephenJ . O’Brien .. .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .*............... xx111 Jungle cat, Felis chaus ............................................. 83
Leopard cat, Prionailurus bengalensis.. ................. .85
Iriomote cat, Prionailurus bengalensis
Part I iriomot ensis. ........................................................ 88
SpeciesA ccounts
4. Eurasia ..................................................................... 90
Introduction .. .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . 1
Vulnerability Index to Species
Structure of the SpeciesA ccounts ............................. 1
of the Region (Box 1) 90
Categorization of SpeciesV ulnerability ................... .2 ..........................................
Worksheet Summary for Global Cat Species Asia Sub-region ...................................................... 91
Vulnerability Rankings( Box 1). ........................... 3 Snow leopard, Uncia uncia ...................................... 91
1994I UCN ThreatenedS pecies Chinesem ountain cat, Felis bieti ............................. 96
Categories( Box 2) ................................................. 5 Manul, Otocolobus manul. ....................................... 97
Asiatic wildcat, Felis silvestris,o rnata group ........ .99
I Sub-Saharan Africa ................................................. 7 Eurasianl ynx, Lynx lynx ........................................ 101
Vulnerability Index to Species
Europe Sub-region ............................................... 106
of the Region (Box 1) ............................................ 7
Iberian lynx, Lynx pardinus ................................... 106
Black-footed cat, Felis nigripes. ................................ 8
Europeanw ildcat, Felis silvestris,
African golden cat, Profelis aurata ........................ .10 silvest ris group. .................................................. 110
Cheetah,A cinonyx jubatus ....................................... 12
African lion, Panthera leo ........................................ 17
5. The Americas ........................................................ 114
Serval, Leptailurus serval ........................................ 21
Vulnerability Index to Species
Leopard, Panthera pardus ....................................... 24
of the Region (Box 1). ....................................... 114
Caracal, Caracal caracal ......................................... 30
Kodkod, Oncifelis guigna ...................................... 115
African wildcat, Felis silvestris,l ibyca group ........ .32
Andean mountain cat, Oreailurusj acobitus.. ....... .116
Jaguar, Panthera onca. ........................................... 118
Oncilla, Leopardust igrinus ................................... 122
.*.
III
Page Page
Mar-gay, Leopardus wiedi ...................................... 124 Laboratory-basedR esearch.. .................................. 209
Canadal ynx, Lynx canadensis.. ............................. 126 Intraspecific Diversity and Systematics:
Geoffroy’s cat, Oncijelis geoflroyi ........................ I29 The Questiono f Subspecie.s.. ..................... .209
Puma,P uma concolor ............................................ 131 SubspeciesId entification Incorporating
The Florida Panther( Box 2) ............................. 135 Molecular Genetics( Box 1) ........................ .2 10
Ocelot, Leopardusp ardalis. ................................... 137 Genetics. ............................................................ 211
Bobcat, Lynx rufis .................................................. 140 Population Viability Analysis ........................... 213
Pampasc at, Oncifelis colocolo .............................. 144 Infection and Disease.. ...................................... 216
Jaguarundi,H erpailurus yaguarondi .................... .146 Summary and Conclusions. ................................... 218
4. Trade ...................................................................... 220
Part II Introduction ............................................................ 220
Major Issuesi n Cat Conservation The Convention on International Trade in
EndangeredS pecieso f Wild Fauna and
1. Cats and Habitat Loss. ......................................... 149 Flora (CITES) (Box 1) ...................................... 221
Introduction ............................................................ 149 International Trade in Cat Furs .............................. 223
Habitatsf or Cats. .................................................... 149
The Biological Impact of Trade on
Habitat Classificationa nd Species
Wild Populations. .............................................. 227
Associations( Box 1) ......................................... 150
SustainableU se of Cats for the Fur Trade:
Habitat Lossa nd Fragmentation:
The North American Example .......................... 228
An Overview of Global Trends. ....................... .15 1
Review of Bobcat and CanadaL ynx
Habitat Loss. ................................................. 151
ManagementP rogramsi n the United
Habitat Fragmentation.. ................................ 166
Statesa nd Canada.. ....................................... 228
Implications for Cat Species. ................................. 169 Habitat Evaluation and Management.. ........ .230
The Role of ProtectedA reas in Cat
Assessmentosf Population Size,
Conservationa nd the Need for Linkages. ........ .172 Structure, and Trends .............................. 230
Summary and Conclusions. ................................... 179 Harvest Control andM onitoring ................. .232
Are CanadaL ynx and Bobcat Harvests
2. Management of Big Cats Near People. ............. .I80 Sustainablea sP resently Managed?. ........... .233
Introduction ............................................................ 180
Does CornrnercialU se Benefit Bobcat and
Cat Predation on Livestock .................................... 180
CanadaL ynx Conservation?.. ..................... .235
Managementt o Minimize the Problemo f
Illegal Trade in Cat Products. ................................ 236
Livestock Lossesto Big Cats ............................ 183
Illegal Trade in Peltsa nd Live Animals .......... .237
Problem Animal Control .............................. 184
The Boneso f a Dilemma:
Predatorsa ndF armers (Box 1) ................... .185 Tigers and Oriental Medicine ..................... ,239
Improving General Anti-predator Summary and Conclusions. ................................... 243
Livestock Management. ............................... 185
Compensationf or Livestock Losses.. ......... .186
5. Cats in Captivity ................................................... 244
ProgramsW hich Make Wild Landsa n Econ-
Introduction ............................................................ 244
omically Competitive Form of Land Use. ........ 188
A Brief History of Cats in Captivity ..................... .244
Tourism and Trophy Hunting ..................... .189
Statuso f Captive Populations. ............................... 246
Summary and Conclusions. ................................... 191
Reproduction in Captivity ...................................... 248
Big Cat Attacks on People( Box 2). ...................... .192
SpeciesB red in Captivity .................................. 248
Captive Breeding and Population
3. Research ................................................................ 196 ManagementP rograms. ............................... 254
Introduction ............................................................ 196 A Global Captive Action Plan for Felids... ...... .254
Field Studies. .......................................................... 198 Advances in AssistedR eproduction. ............... .258
Natural History .................................................. 198
Linking Ex situ and In situ Cat Conservation........259
Population Status Surveys. ................................ 202
Maintaining Viable Captive Populations
Long-term Studies. ............................................ 206
of Rare Species.. ........................................... 260
Resolving Conflicts with People... ................... .209
Research.. .......................................................... 261
iv
Page
Public Education. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .2 61 Color Plates .. .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . after page 148
Helping to Pay the Costso f
Wildlife Conservation. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. 2 62 Wild Cats of Africa .. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . Plate 1
African lion, North African lion (characteristics),
6. Reintroduction .. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. 263 African leopard, African golden cat
Introduction .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. 2 63
Reintroductions .. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. 263 Wild Cats of Africa .. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . Plate 2
Translocationsa nd Population African cheetah,S aharanc heetah,
Supplementation. . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. 265 King cheetah,S erval
Summary of Problemsw ith ReintroducingC ats... .268
ReleaseA reas Acceptable to People. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. 268 Wild Cats of Africa .. .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . Plate 3
ReleaseA reas with Adequate and Caracal,B lack-footed cat, African wildcat,
Suitable Food Supply .. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . 2 68 Sand cat
Source of Animals to be Reintroduced... . . .. . . . .. .268
DiseaseR isks. .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . 269 Wild Cats of the Americas .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . Plate 4
Costso f Reintroduction. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . 269 Jaguar, Puma,J aguarundi,P ampasc at
Conclusions:W hat is the Role of Reintroduction
in Cat Conservation.7 . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . ...*....2 70 Wild Cats of the Americas .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . Plate 5
Ocelot, Margay, Oncilla
Part III Wild Cats of the Americas .. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .P late 6
An Action Plan for Cat Conservation Canadal ynx, Bobcat, Geoffroy’s cat, Kodkod,
in the 1990s. .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . 271 Andean mountain cat
Introduction . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . 2 71
List of Priority Projects .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . 271 Wild Cats of Asia .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .P late 7
Priority Projects for Cat Conservation Bengal Tiger, Amur (Siberian) tiger,
in the 1990s.. .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . 275 Caspiant iger, South China tiger,
I. General Topics-Projects 1- 17 . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .275 Indo-Chineset iger, Bali tiger, Javan tiger,
II. SpeciesP rojects-Projects 18-105. . . .. ...280 Sumatrant iger
Appendices .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . 307 Wild Cats of Asia .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .P late 8
1. ClassicallyD escribedC at Subspecies.. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .307 Asiatic cheetah,A siatic lion, Amur leopard,
Clouded leopard, Marbled cat
2. Scientific Postmortem:A Protocol for
Collection of Data and Specimens
Wild Cats of Asia .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. P late 9
Andrew Kitchener, StephenM cOrist, and
Asiatic goldenc at, Asiatic golden cat (spotted),
Robert K. Wayne .. .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . 314
Bomeanb ay cat, Bomeanb ay cat (painting)
3. Scientific Nameso f SpeciesM entioned
in the Text .. .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. 317 Wild Cats of Asia .. . .. ..**...*................................... Plate 10
Leopard cat, Iriomote cat, Fishing cat,
4. Species-HabitatA ssociations. .. . . . .. . ..*..................... 319
Flat-headedc at, Rusty-spottedc at, Jungle cat
5. Cat SpecialistG roup Members. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. 326
Wild Cats of Eurasia . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . Plate 11
6. A Statementb y the International Fur
Snow leopard, Eurasianl ynx, Iberian lynx,
Trade Federation. .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. 331
Chinesem ountain cat
7. List of Maps, Figures, and Tables. . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. 332
Wild Cats of Eurasia . .. . . .. . . . . .. . ..*......................... Plate 12
References .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . 335 Europeanw ildcat, Asiatic wildcat, Manul
Fore word
It is indeed an honor to write a foreword for a book of this in the attics of houses set in rice fields, and that African
stature-a more comprehensive work than this is hard to golden cats, which have never been studied but are known
imagine, and a more welcome addition to the store of infor- to inhabit rain forests, may include as prey small primates
mation on the cat family would be impossible to find. With who fall from the trees and lie injured on the ground. Such
this work the authors have set a new standard of scholar- observations, anecdotal and fragmented though they may
ship for studies of the cat family. The level of scholarship be, are nevertheless precious for two reasons: first, their
presented here, as this work clearly shows, is quite obvi- very existence makes it clear that if we don’t preserve the
ously nothing less than the finest and most meticulous. species, these passing observations may provide the only
The aim of the authors is a high one-keeping a tradi- knowledge we’ll ever have; and second, as a whiff of salt
tion of learning that began with compiling data upon the air suggests the ocean: tiny bits of information, however
various genera of plants and animals of the different con- incomplete, suggest an entire lifestyle, in all its complex-
tinents (I recall a massive multi-volume work entitled The ity, of animals that at this point we know little about, and
Lemons and Limes of Siam), a tradition that came into its that the vast majority of us will surely never see.
own in 1964 with the publication of Ernest P. Walker’s The mass of data assembled by the authors is analyzed
Mammals of the World. The authors have included within to present general principles of conservation giving a clear
a single work the entire spectrum of factual literature on sense of where the priorities for future conservation lie.
the biology, ecology, distribution, and conservation status These are summarized at the end of each of the Major
of each member of the cat family, presented in summary Issues chapters. The Action Plan itself (Part III) trans-
form, providing a comprehensive overview of these fasci- lates the principles into concrete action-these projects
nating animals so that conservationists now and in the should be carried out in the 1990s to improve the conser-
future will have a ready reference. Whether a reader is vation of vulnerable cat species.
looking for bibliography on a species, the names by which But the most important contribution that a book on any
a certain cat is known in local dialects, the use to which a animal can make is to the future of its subject. Time is get-
cheetah puts his dew claws, the impact of the fur trade on ting short for many of the cats discussed here. In particu-
the Brazilian jaguar population, or the likely impact of new lar, the big cats- tigers, lions, leopards, jaguars, snow
Spanish highways on the Iberian lynx population, they will leopards, and cheetahs-face the hostility of farmers
find what they seek in these pages. because of real and perceived threats to livestock and,
The 1,500 references included here comprise a litera- sometimes, people. These cats are often killed indiscrim-
ture that begins with Marco Polo in the 13th century and inately and their future outside well-protected areas is in
extends to the present, and that must represent no less than serious jeopardy. In one of the most important chapters
5,000 scholar/years of collective effort by various authors. of this book, Kristin Nowell and Peter Jackson review the
Until the completion of Wild Cats such a literature could situation and discuss measures to minimize livestock pre-
only have been found by combing libraries throughout the dation so that big cats outside protected areas can co-exist
world. Conservationists in far corners of the world lack with people. This is of vital importance because most
the resources to make those searches. But now, the authors reserves are far too small to accommodate viable big cat
of Wild Cats have done it for them. populations with a good long-term chance of survival.
Only a deep and abiding dedication to the cat tribe A new and grave threat, with ancient roots, is the hunt-
could possibly inspire such a magnificent effort, so to an ing of tigers and other big cats for bones for traditional
aficionado such as myself, this book is mouthwatering. medicine in China and elsewhere in Asia. This is causing
Here it is, you say to yourself as you open the pages with a marked decline in tiger numbers, and in late 1992, Peter
reverent anticipation, Here it all is. And sure enough, one Jackson predicted that, unless current trends were sharply
need only to let the book fall open for something to spring reversed, the tiger faced virtual extinction in the wild within
off the page-from the (to me) grim report that the trophy a decade. Since then it is estimated that, in India alone, over
hunting of lions by sportsmen brings twice as much 600 tigers have been poached, while, in Russia, Siberian
income to a certain African country as can be derived from tigers have been reduced from around 300 to fewer than
the viewing of lions by tourists in the national parks, to 200. Large numbers of contraband skins and bones have
the perils awaiting those who would attempt to identify been seized, but they can only be the tip of the iceberg.
individual mountain lions by their tracks, to the tantaliz- Wild cats should not be seen merely as beautiful, but
ing fact that rusty-spotted cats sometimes keep their kittens of little practical value. The cats are part of the web of life,
vii
Foreword
the mutual interaction of animals and plants, which under- but receive so little in return, except blame, abuse, and
pins human life on Planet Earth. extermination.”
By its very existence this marvellous work seems to Here, in the hands of Kristin Nowell, Peter Jackson, and
echo Walker’s words in Mammals of the World, to whom the IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group, the cat family is at
the great biologist dedicated his enterprise. “To the mam- last well-served.
mals, great and small,” he wrote, “who contribute so much
to the welfare and happiness of man, another mammal, Elizabeth Marshall Thomas
VI.I.sI
Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements
Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan Comments on various drafts came from (in alphabeti-
is the result of the generous help of numerous individuals cal order): Ablimit Abdukadir (China); Eve Abe (Uganda);
and institutions named below. To all of them we offer our Marcellin Agnanga (Congo); Ashiq Ahmad (management);
sincere gratitude. Mikhail Akhverdian (Armenia); Anada Tiega (Niger and
The Research Librarian of the Cat Specialist Group, northwest Africa); Penny Andrews (cats in captivity);
Gail Foreman, laid the groundwork for Wild Cats: Status Simon Anstey (Angola and Liberia); Marcel0 Aranda
Survey and Conservation Action Plan by conducting a lit- (Mexico, research); Marc Artois (disease); Conrad Aveling
erature review and producing detailed information sheets (Congo); Juliette Bailey (trade); Theodore Bailey (leop-
on the country-by-country conservation status of most of ard, Canada lynx); Richard Barnes (leopard); Vandepitte
the wild cat species. Other data sheets were written by Urs Bart (Botswana); Klaus Berkmiiller (Laos); Hu Berry
Breitenmoser, Ravi Chellam, Rodney Jackson, A.J.T. (Namibia); Brian Bertram (lion, research); R.S. Bhadauria
Johnsingh, Kurt A. Johnson, Gary M. Koehler, Daniel (caracal in India); Sylvain Biquand (Saudi Arabia); Allard
Kraus, Laurie Marker-Kraus, and Chris Stuart. Jill Mellen Blom (Zaire); Ashish Bodasing (trade); J. du P. Bothma
was a major contributor to the chapter on cats in captivity. (South Africa); Stan Boutin (Canada lynx); Tony and Mary
Kurt Johnson was a major contributor to the trade chap- Jane Bowland (South Africa); Nanette Bragin (ocelot in
ter. Colin Groves and Alan Shoemaker helped shape the captivity); Urs and Christine Breitenmoser (Eurasian and
list of classically described felid species which is included Canada lynxes, management); Steven Broad (trade);
in Appendix 1. Warren Brockelman (Thailand); Dan Brooks (Paraguay);
The Etosha Ecological Institute, Etosha National Park, Alexander Bukhnicashvili (Georgia); Arturo Canedi
Namibia, and the Species Survival Commission office at (Argentina); Tim Caro (cheetah); Mateus Chambal
IUCN Headquarters, Gland, Switzerland, provided office (Mozambique); Philippe Chardonnet (West Africa);
facilities for Kristin Nowell. World Wide Fund for Divyabhanusinh Chavda (India); Ravi Chellam (Asiatic
Nature-International supported the Action Plan-related lion, management); Peter Christie (cats in captivity); Karen
activities of Peter Jackson. Corbett (fishing cat in captivity); Ian Coulson (Zimbabwe);
Stephen Nash and Kathy Odell, whose work was sup- Peter Crawshaw (Brazil, management); Ralph Daly
ported by Conservation International, produced camera- (Oman); Samantak Das (India); Glyn Davies (Kenya);
ready art from roughly-drawn cat distribution maps. Miguel Delibes (Iberian lynx); Teruo Doi (Iriomote cat);
The World Conservation Monitoring Centre’ s Wildlife Alain Dragesco-Joffe (Niger); Betsy Dresser (cats in cap-
Trade Monitoring Unit (and especially John Caldwell) and tivity); Holly Dublin (Kenya); Nigel Dunstone (Peru,
TRAFFIC International (especially Teresa Mulliken) research); Sarah Durant (cheetah); Barbara Durrant
provided detailed trade data and advice on interpretation of (clouded leopard in captivity); R. Eagan (Canada lynx,
that data. Several of TRAFFIC’s regional and national trade); John Eisenberg (Latin America); Louise Emmons
offices reviewed the trade chapter and contributed infor- (Latin America); Alexander Esipov (Central Asian repub-
mation for it. Charles Dauphine of the Canadian Wildlife lics); Robert Evans (black-footed cat in captivity); N.
Service and Peter Meszaros of Statistics Canada provided Fairall (South Africa); Pier Lorenzo Florio (trade); Gail
harvest and price data for the Canada lynx. Officials from Foreman (cat species); Joseph Fox (snow leopard and
the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service provided useful com- Eurasian lynx); George Frame (cheetah); Helen Freeman
ments on the management of bobcats for the trade chapter. (snow leopard); Liza Gadsby (Nigeria); Gao Xingyi
WCMC’s Protected Areas Data Unit made their files (China); Bill Gasaway (research); John Gasperetti (Saudi
available for review (thanks to Graham Drucker). Arabia); Aadje Geertsema (serval); Gonzalo Gonzales
WCMC’s Habitats Unit (Corinna Ravilious and Richard (Chile); Ute Grimm (trade); Paule Gros (cheetah); Colin
Luxmoore) contributed the habitat maps which appear in Groves (taxonomy); Juan Carlos Guix (Brazil); Ha Dinh
Part II Chapter 1. Julia Watts of the U.S. Department of Due (Vietnam); Elke Hahn (trade); Stephen Halloy (And-
Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory provided key ean mountain cat); Kevin Hansen (puma); Pave1 Hell
data on habitat change in the 1980s. (Czech republic and Slovakia); Veronique Herrenschmidt
Staff of the Species Survival Commission (Simon (management); Osvaldo Nestor Herrera (kodkod); Jesse
Stuart, Mariano Gimenez-Dixon, Linette Humphrey, Tim Hillman (Eritrea and Ethiopia); Rafael and Almeira
Sullivan, Susan Tressler, Diane Cavalieri, Karin Nelson, Hoogesteijn (Venezuela, management); Bernard Hoppe-
Gabriella Allen, Clotilde Mack, and Doreen Zivkovic) Dominik (Ivory Coast); Maurice Homocker (puma); F.C.
provided support throughout for preparation of this volume. Hurst (Nigeria); International Fur Trade Federation (trade);