WiFi, WiMAX and LTE Multi-hop Mesh Networks: Basic Communication Protocols and Application Areas

276 Pages·2013·7.98 MB·English

by  Hung-Yu Wei

WIFI, WIMAX, AND LTE
MULTI-HOP MESH
NETWORKS
WILEY SERIES ON INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
Series Editors: T. Russell Hsing and Vincent K. N. Lau
The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) book series focuses on creating use-
ful connections between advanced communication theories, practical designs, and end-user
applications in various next generation networks and broadband access systems, including
fiber, cable, satellite, and wireless. The ICT book series examines the difficulties of
applying various advanced communication technologies to practical systems such as WiFi,
WiMax, B3G, etc., and considers how technologies are designed in conjunction with stan-
dards, theories, and applications.
The ICT book series also addresses application-oriented topics such as service manage-
ment and creation and end-user devices, as well as the coupling between end devices and
infrastructure.
T. Russell Hsing, PhD, is the Executive Director of Emerging Technologies and Services
Research at Telcordia Technologies. He manages and leads the applied research and devel-
opment of information and wireless sensor networking solutions for numerous applications
and systems. Email: [e-mail]
Vincent K.N. Lau, PhD,is Associate Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering
at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. His current research interest is on
delay-sensitive cross-layer optimization with imperfect system state information. Email:
[e-mail]
Wireless Internet and Mobile Computing: Interoperability and Performance
Yu-Kwong Ricky Kwok and Vincent K. N. Lau
Digital Signal Processing Techniques and Applications in Radar Image Processing
Bu-Chin Wang
The Fabric of Mobile Services: Software Paradigms and Business Demands
Shoshana Loeb, Benjamin Falchuk, and Euthimios Panagos
Fundamentals of Wireless Communications Engineering Technologies
K. Daniel Wong
RF Circuit Design, Second Edition
Richard Chi-Hsi Li
Networks and Services: Carrier Ethernet, PBT, MPLS-TP, and VPLS
Mehmet Toy
Equitable Resource Allocation: Models, Algorithms, and Applications
Hanan Luss
Vehicle Safety Communications: Protocols, Security, and Privacy
Luca Delgrossi and Tao Zhang
WiFi, WiMAX, and LTE Multi-hop Mesh Networks: Basic Communication Protocols and
Application Areas
Hung-Yu Wei, Jarogniew Rykowski, and Sudhir Dixit
WIFI, WIMAX, AND LTE
MULTI-HOP MESH
NETWORKS
Basic Communication Protocols and
Application Areas
Hung-Yu Wei
National Taiwan University, Taiwan
Jarogniew Rykowski
Poznań University of Economics, Poland
Sudhir Dixit
Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, India
Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Wei, Hung-Yu.
WiFi, WiMAX, and LTE multi-hop mesh networks : basic communication protocols and
application areas / Hung-Yu Wei, Jarogniew Rykowski, Sudhir Dixit.
pages cm
ISBN 978-0-470-48167-7 (pbk.)
1. Ad-hoc networks (Computer networks) 2. Wireless LANs. I. Title.
TK5105.77.W45 2013
004.6'2—dc23
2012040269
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
Foreword xi
Preface xiii
About the Authors xvii
List of Figures xix
List of Tables xxv
1 Introduction 1
2 Architectural Requirements for Multi-hop and Ad-Hoc Networking 9
2.1. When and Where Do We Need Ad-Hoc Networking? 9
2.2. When Do We Need Multi-hop? How Many Hops Are
Sufficient/Necessary? 12
2.3. Anonymity versus Authorization and Authentication 13
2.4. Security and Privacy in Ad-Hoc Networks 17
2.5. Security and Privacy in Multi-hop Networks 18
2.6. Filtering the Traffic in Ad-Hoc Networking and
Multi-hop Relaying 20
2.7. QoS 23
2.8. Addressability 24
2.9. Searchability 28
2.10. Ad-Hoc Contexts for Next-Generation Searching 29
2.11. Personalization Aspects in Ad-Hoc Information Access 31
2.12. Multi-hop Networking: Technical Aspects 32
2.13. Summary 34
2.13.1. Do We Really Need Ad-Hoc and Multi-hop
Networking? If So, When and Where? 35
2.13.2. When and Where Do We Need
Ad-Hoc Networking? 35
2.13.3. How Do We Effectively Combine Anonymity/
Privacy with Safety/Security? 36
2.13.4. How Do We Personalize Network Access, Including
User-Oriented Information Filtering? 37
v
vi CONTENTS
2.13.5. How Do We Access Places/Devices/Information in
a Highly Dynamic Environment of an Ad-Hoc and
Multi-hop Network Affecting Addressability,
Searchability, and Accessibility of Data? 37
2.13.6. How Do We Support Frequently Dis- and
Reconnected Users, Including Efficient Propagation
of Important Information to Newcomers? 38
2.13.7. How Many Hops Are Allowed/Effective for a Typical
Multi-hop Information Exchange? Is Relaying
Affected with the Security/Privacy Issues? 38
3 Application Areas for Multi-hop and Ad-Hoc Networking 42
3.1. Telematics 42
3.1.1. Introduction to Telematics Applications 42
3.1.2. Ad-Hoc Enhanced Navigation Support 44
3.1.3. Traffic Lights Assistance 52
3.1.4. CB-Net Application 56
3.1.5. City-Transportation Integrated Support 62
3.2. E-Ticket Applications 67
3.3. Telemedicine 69
3.4. Environment Protection 71
3.5. Public Safety 73
3.5.1. Ad-Hoc Monitoring for Public Safety Applications 74
3.5.2. Broadcasting Public Safety Information 81
3.6. Groupware 84
3.7. Personal, Targeted, Contextual Marketing and
Shopping Guidance 85
3.8. Intelligent Building 87
3.8.1. “Intelligent Hospital” Idea 90
3.8.2. “Interactive Museum” Idea 92
3.8.3. Intelligent Ad-Hoc Cooperation at a Workplace 93
3.9. Business Aspects of Multi-hop and Ad-Hoc Networking 94
3.9.1. Monetary Unit for Ad-Hoc and Multi-hop Services 94
3.9.2. Which Ad-Hoc and Multi-hop Functionality
Should Be Paid For? 96
3.9.3. Quality-of-Service and Trustability 97
3.9.4. Pay-per-Access Mode and Subscriptions 98
3.9.5. Legal Regulations 100
3.9.6. Ad-Hoc and Multi-hop Networking versus
Commercial Networks and Network Providers 100
3.10. Summary 102
4 Mesh Networking Using IEEE 802.11 Wireless Technologies 109
4.1. IEEE 802.11 110
4.1.1. WiFi and IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN 111
4.1.2. IEEE 802.11 Mesh Network Architectures 113
CONTENTS vii
4.2. IEEE 802.11s: Standard for WLAN Mesh Networking 116
4.2.1. Additional Functions in 802.11s 120
4.2.2. WiFi Certification and Deployments
of IEEE 802.11s 120
4.3. Summary 121
5 Wireless Relay Networking Using IEEE 802.16
WiMAX Technologies 122
5.1. IEEE 802.16 Overview and Architecture 122
5.2. IEEE 802.16j Relay System Overview 123
5.2.1. Nontransparent Relay versus Transparent Relay 124
5.2.2. Connection Types 125
5.2.3. MAC PDU Transmission Mode 126
5.2.4. Relay MAC PDU 128
5.2.5. Subheaders in Relay MAC PDU 131
5.3. IEEE 802.16j Frame Structure 132
5.3.1. Frame Structure in Nontransparent Mode 135
5.3.2. Frame Structure in Transparent Mode 137
5.4. Path Management in 802.16j Relay 139
5.4.1. Explicit Path Management 140
5.4.2. Implicit Path Management 142
5.4.3. Contiguous Integer Block CID Assignment for
Implicit Path Management 143
5.4.4. Bit Partition CID Assignment for Implicit
Path Management 144
5.4.5. Path Selection and Metrics 146
5.5. Radio Resource Management 147
5.5.1. RRM with Distributed Scheduling 147
5.5.2. Bandwidth Request Mechanism in WiMAX 147
5.5.3. Downlink Flow Control 154
5.5.4. RRM with Centralized Scheduling 156
5.5.5. SS-Initiated Bandwidth Request in
Centralized Scheduling 159
5.6. Interference Management 163
5.6.1. Interference Measurement 163
5.6.2. RS Neighborhood Discovery and Measurements 167
5.6.3. Relay Amble (R-Amble) Transmission 168
5.7. Initialization and Network Entry 170
5.7.1. Network Entry Overview 170
5.7.2. Network Entry for Relay Station 172
5.7.3. Fast Reentry 176
5.7.4. Network Entry for Subscriber Station (Through RS) 177
5.8. Mobility Management and Handoff 177
5.8.1. Design Issues: Mobility Management in Multi-hop
Relay Network 177
viii CONTENTS
5.8.2. Overview of Mobile Station Handoff Protocol Design
in 802.16j 179
5.8.3. Neighborhood Network Topology Advertisement 180
5.8.4. Mobile Node Scanning 181
5.8.5. Association 183
5.8.6. Handoff Execution 185
5.8.7. Handoff Optimization with Context Transfer 186
5.8.8. Mobile Relay Station Handoff 187
5.9. Power Management 189
5.9.1. Sleep Mode 191
5.9.2. Idle Mode 193
5.10. HARQ and Reliable Transmission 195
5.10.1. Design Issues: HARQ in Multi-hop
Relay Network 195
5.10.2. Overview of HARQ Design in 802.16j 196
5.10.3. HARQ in Centralized Scheduling 197
5.10.4. Downlink HARQ in Nontransparent Mode 198
5.10.5. Downlink HARQ in Transparent Mode: Hop-by-Hop
HARQ Operation 202
5.10.6. Downlink HARQ in Transparent Mode:
RS-assisted HARQ 204
5.10.7. Uplink HARQ in Nontransparent Mode 207
5.10.8. Uplink HARQ in Transparent Mode 209
5.10.9. HARQ in Distributed Scheduling 211
5.11. Multicast, Broadcast, and RS Grouping 211
5.11.1. Multicast and Broadcast 211
5.12. RS Grouping 215
5.13. Summary 220
6 Wireless Relay Networking with Long Term Evolution (LTE) 221
6.1. Overview of the LTE Relay System 221
6.1.1. LTE Relay Deployment Scenario 223
6.1.2. Overview of Resource Partitioning
in In-Band Relay 224
6.2. Physical Layer for LTE Relay 226
6.2.1. Physical Layer Channels 226
6.2.2. Frame Structure in Physical Layer Channels 227
6.3. LTE Relay System Architecture 228
6.3.1. Protocol Stacks for Radio Interface 228
6.3.2. S1 Interface 231
6.3.3. RN Initialization and Startup Procedure 234
6.4. LTE Relay System Design Issues 237
6.4.1. Overview of Architecture and Design Issues 237
6.4.2. Design Issue: Downlink Flow Control 238
6.4.3. Design Issue: End-to-End QoS Configuration 238
CONTENTS ix
6.4.4. Design Issue: Un Interface Configuration 239
6.4.5. Design Issue: Connection Establishment 240
6.4.6. Design Issue: Radio Link Failure and Connection
Reestablishment 240
6.4.7. Design Issue: Other Design Options 241
6.5. Future Development in LTE Relay 242
6.5.1. Mobile Relay 242
6.5.2. Advanced Link Transmission 242
6.5.3. Other Deployment Scenarios and Architecture 243
6.6. Summary 244
7 Summary 245
References 247
Index 251
FOREWORD
Increasing complexity of communication networks is a growing challenge
for network designers, network operators, and network users. This raises
the question of how this increased complexity can be reasonably managed
without adding even more complexity, while also reducing or completely elimi-
nating the cost of network operations and management. Therefore, the self-
organizing characteristic of networks, whether in access, metro, core, or
end-to-end, is being hailed as the next holy grail of (and a potentially disrup-
tive technology in) networking and communication. Imagine wireless nodes
(an internet of people, things, devices, and services) being able to connect with
each other autonomously and self-organize based on their battery power,
bandwidth needs, security requirements, and billing costs, among other require-
ments, with or without an entity in control. Indeed, it is going to change the
game by opening up lots of new possibilities both technologically and com-
mercially. Wireless mesh networking (WMN) technology enables the wireless
entities to connect autonomously and reconfigure in the face of changing radio
environment. WMN is rapidly evolving and reaching the mainstream, made
possible by several standards that have been developed, and vendors and
service providers building to those standards. WMNs can range from mobile
ad-hoc networks (MANETS) to infrastructure-based stationary networks and
can even be multi-hop. The three predominant mesh technologies that have
been standardized and deployed are IEEE WLAN (aka Wi-Fi), WiMAX, and
LTE. From the commercial perspective, WMNs enable various business models,
ranging from free to billable, depending on whether or not a service provider
is involved.
This book provides an excellent overview of wireless mesh networks in a
manner that is easy for a nonexpert to understand, yet technical to the extent
that the reader can appreciate the why, what, and how of mesh networking
and the strengths and weaknesses of the dominant mesh networking standards:
Wi-Fi, WiMAX, and LTE. What is unique about this book is that the authors
take a very logical top-down approach. They first spend a good deal of time
defining/explaining the topic, such as describing the compelling application
areas driving the need for mesh networking, then they describe the various
technical challenges emanating from those potential use cases, followed by a
detailed technical overview of the various types of wireless mesh networks,
their evolution to support IEEE WLAN to 4G technologies of WiMAX and
LTE and beyond 4G (such as the LTE-Advanced). Since understanding the
xi