Widening Participation in Higher Education: Casting the Net Wide? PDF
Preview Widening Participation in Higher Education: Casting the Net Wide?
Widening Participation in Higher Education IssuesinHigherEducation Titlesinclude: JürgenEndersandEgbertdeWeert(editors) THECHANGINGFACEOFACADEMICLIFE AnalyticalandComparativePerspectives JohnHarpur INNOVATION,PROFITANDTHECOMMONGOODINHIGHEREDUCATION TheNewAlchemy TamsinHinton-Smith(editor) WIDENINGPARTICIPATIONINHIGHEREDUCATION CastingtheNetWide? V.LynnMeekandCharasSuwanwela(editors) HIGHEREDUCATION,RESEARCH,ANDKNOWLEDGEINTHE ASIA-PACIFICREGION GuyNeave,KjellBlückertandThorstenNybom(editors) THEEUROPEANRESEARCHUNIVERSITY AnHistoricalParenthesis? GuyNeave THEEVALUATIVESTATE,INSTITUTIONALAUTONOMYANDRE-ENGINEERING HIGHEREDUCATIONINWESTERNEUROPE ThePrinceandHisPleasure MaryAnnDanowitzSagaria(editor) WOMEN,UNIVERSITIES,ANDCHANGE GenderEqualityintheEuropeanUnionandtheUnitedStates SnejanaSlantchevaandDanielLevy(editors) PRIVATEHIGHEREDUCATIONINPOST-COMMUNISTEUROPE InSearchofLegitimacy SverkerSörlinandHebeVessuri(editors) KNOWLEDGESOCIETYVS.KNOWLEDGEECONOMY Knowledge,Power,andPolitics BøjrnStensaker,JussiVälimaa,ClàudiaSarrico(editors) MANAGINGREFORMINUNIVERSITIES TheDynamicsofCulture,IdentityandOrganisationalChange VoldemarTomusk THEOPENWORLDANDCLOSEDSOCIETIES EssaysonHigherEducationPolicies“inTransition” IssuesinHigherEducation SeriesStandingOrderISBN978–0–230–57816–6(hardback) (outsideNorthAmericaonly) Youcanreceivefuturetitlesinthisseriesastheyarepublishedbyplacingastandingorder. Pleasecontactyourbookselleror,incaseofdifficulty,writetousattheaddressbelowwith yournameandaddress,thetitleoftheseriesandtheISBNquotedabove. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS,England Widening Participation in Higher Education Casting the Net Wide? Editedby Tamsin Hinton-Smith UniversityofSussex,UK Selectionandeditorialmatter©TamsinHinton-Smith2012 Individualchapters©theirrespectiveauthors2012 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2012 ISBN 978-0-230-30061-3 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorshaveassertedtheirrightstobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthis workinaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2012by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-33636-4 ISBN 978-1-137-28341-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137283412 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 PrintedandboundinGreatBritainby CPIAntonyRowe,ChippenhamandEastbourne Contents ListofIllustrations viii Acknowledgements x NotesonContributors xi Part I Inclusion,Exclusion:IssuesinWidening Participation 1 Introduction 3 TamsinHinton-Smith 2 ChangingPolicyDiscoursesonEquityandDiversityinUK HigherEducation:WhatIstheEvidence? 22 MiriamE.David 3 WideningParticipationinUniversitiesinEnglandand Wales:IsThereaConnectionwithHonoursDegree Achievement? 37 MantzYorke 4 WiderandStillWider?AHistoricalLookatthe‘Open-Ness’of theOpenUniversityoftheUnitedKingdom 51 AlanWoodley Part II EngagingwithHigherEducationasa Non-TraditionalStudent:AccessandMotivation 5 GoodStudents,BadPupils:Constructionsof‘Aspiration’, ‘Disadvantage’andSocialClassinUndergraduate-Led WideningParticipationWork 73 YvetteTaylor 6 MatureWomenStudents,StudyMotivation andEmployability 91 RuthWoodfield v vi Contents 7 LoneParentStudents’MotivationsforandHopes ofHigherEducationEngagement 108 TamsinHinton-Smith Part III Non-TraditionalStudents’Experiencesin HigherEducation 8 ChoosingaStudentLifestyle?QuestionsofTaste,Cultural CapitalandGainingaGraduateJob 129 MaryStuart,CatherineLidoandJessicaMorgan 9 TransformationorTrauma:TheTransitiontoHigher EducationofNon-TraditionalStudents 146 LyndaMeasor,PaulaWilcoxandPhilipFrame 10 Non-TraditionalAdultStudents:Access,Dropout,Retention andDevelopingaLearnerIdentity 163 BarbaraMerrill 11 TheImportanceofSocialSupportStructures forRetentionandSuccess 178 JohnFieldandNatalieMorgan-Klein Part IV WideningParticipationinInternational Contexts 12 WideningParticipationTrendsinSweden:Regulationsand TheirEffects,IntendedandUnintended 197 CarolineBerggrenandChristinaCliffordson 13 TrendsinWideningParticipationinFrenchHigherEducation 213 Marie-PierreMoreau 14 WideningParticipationinSpanishHigherEducation: WilltheCurrentReformPromotetheInclusion ofNon-TraditionalStudents? 228 M.TeresaPadilla-Carmona 15 ExperiencingHigherEducationinGhanaandTanzania: TheSymbolicPowerofBeingaStudent 245 LouiseMorley 16 WomenandStudentsofColourasNon-TraditionalStudents: TheDifficultiesofInclusionintheUnitedStates 263 AnneJ.MacLachlan Contents vii 17 WideningParticipationand‘Elite’OnlineEducation: TheCaseoftheUniversityofCalifornia 280 SarahEarl-Novell 18 Conclusion:AssessingProgressandPrioritiesinWidening Participation 295 TamsinHinton-Smith Index 312 Illustrations Tables 3.1 Participationofunder-representedgroupsinhigher education:Youngfull-timefirst-degreeentrants 40 4.1 First-yearundergraduatesbyqualificationaim,modeof studyandage(2006–2007) 54 4.2 TypesofdisabilityamongHEstudents(2006–2007) 58 4.3 ThepreviouseducationalqualificationsheldbyHEentrants (2006–2007) 59 4.4 ThelabourmarketstatusofnewOUundergraduates (2005–2009) 60 4.5 TheoccupationofnewOUundergraduates(1971–1975& 2005–2009) 62 4.6 TheclassofOUstudentsandtheirparentsasperceivedby thestudents(2005) 64 4.7 Thepercentageofnewstudentswhogainedacoursecredit onthescienceandsocialsciencesfoundationcourses analysedbyyearandpreviouseducationalqualifications 65 6.1 Graduates’employmentsuccessbygenderandage(2006& 2009) 95 13.1 Studentsenrolledinhighereducationsince1960 (inthousands) 216 13.2 Socio-economicbackgroundofuniversitystudentsbylevel ofstudy(2009–2010,inpercent) 217 13.3 Socio-economicbackgroundandtypeofHEtrack (2009–2010,inpercent) 218 13.4 Proportionofwomenstudentsinuniversities (inpercent) 219 13.5 ProportionofwomeninClassesPréparatoiresauxGrandes EcolesandGrandesEcoles(2007–2008,inpercent) 220 13.6 Proportionofwomenbysubject(2007–2008,inpercent) 221 15.1 Percentageofstudentswhomentionedlackofsupport 252 15.2 Numberofstudentswhomentionedunder-resourcing 254 15.3 Equityscorecard:Studentachievementinfourprogrammes, bygender,ageandsocio-economicstatusataGhanaian PublicUniversityin2007–2008 255 15.4 Equityscorecard:Studentachievementinfourprogrammes, bygender,ageandsocio-economicstatusataGhanaian PrivateUniversityin2007–2008 256 viii ListofIllustrations ix 15.5 Equityscorecard:Studentachievementinfourprogrammes, bygender,ageandsocio-economicstatusataTanzanian PublicUniversityin2007–2008 257 15.6 Equityscorecard:Studentachievementinthreeprogrammes, bygender,ageandsocio-economicstatusataTanzanian PrivateUniversityin2007–2008 258 Figures 3.1 Percentageofstudentsfromlowersocio-economicgroups (y-axis),academicyearsfrom1997–1998to2006–2007 (x-axis),fromuniversitiesinEnglandandWales 40 3.2 Frequencydistributions,byrangeofpercentageofyoung entrantsfromlowersocio-economicgroups(x-axis),for51 newuniversitiesand44olduniversities(first-degree programmes,academicyear2006–2007) 41 3.3 Acomparisonofthepercentagesof‘goodhonoursdegrees’ awardedineightsubjectareasbyoldandnewuniversities (y-axis),academicyears2002–2003to2006–2007(x-axis) 44 4.1 ThepercentageofwomenamongnewOUundergraduates (1972–2009) 53 4.2 Thepercentageofwomenamongnewundergraduatesatthe OUandelsewhere(1996–2008) 53 4.3 TheageonentryamongnewOUundergraduates (1971–2009) 55 4.4 Thepercentageofnewundergraduatesfromblackand ethnicminorities(1994–2008) 56 4.5 Thepercentageofnewundergraduateswithdisabilities (1994–2008) 57 4.6 ThepreviouseducationalqualificationsofnewOU undergraduates(1971–1980&1999–2008) 59 15.1 Students’motivationsforenteringHE 250
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