Who Model Formulary 2002

527 Pages·2002·34.18 MB·English

by  World Health Organization

WHO Library Cataloguing!in!Publication Data
WHO model formulary (cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:20)(cid:19)/ editors: Mary R+ Couper- Dinesh K+ Mehta+
0+ Formularies – standards (cid:19)+ Essential drugs 2+ Biological products
I+ Couper- Mary R+ II+ Mehta- Dinesh K+
ISBN 5(cid:19) 6 076775 2 (NLM classification: QV 7(cid:20))
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Expert Committee (including the Revised Model List of
Essential Drugs)+ Technical report series No+D57+
(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:20)(cid:20) (E0 pages)
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(A Teachers Guide is also available
direct from the WHO Department of
Essential Drugs and Medicines Policy)
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Mary R(cid:29) Couper (#)
Dinesh K(cid:29) Mehta ((cid:19))
(#) Department of Essential Drugs and Medicines Policy. World Health
Organization. Geneva
((cid:19)) Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. London
AAAAAccccckkkkknnnnnooooowwwwwllllleeeeedddddgggggeeeeemmmmmeeeeennnnntttttsssss
The WHO Model Formulary was developed over a period
of several years and with the input of a large number of
individuals and organizations(cid:29)
The contributions and comments of the following persons
are gratefully acknowledged: T(cid:29)I(cid:29)Bhutta (Pakistan). D(cid:29)Birkett
(Australia). H(cid:29)Buschiazzo (Argentina). A(cid:29)Chidarikire (Zim7
babwe). I(cid:29)Darmansjah (Indonesia). P(cid:29)Folb (South Africa).
H(cid:29)Fraser (Barbados). T(cid:29)Fukui (Japan). J(cid:29)P(cid:29)Giroud (France).
A(cid:29)Haeri (Iran). M(cid:29)Hassar (Morocco). J(cid:29)Idänpään7Heikkilä
(WHO). K(cid:29)Johnson (US Pharmacopeia). F(cid:29)Juma (Kenya).
O(cid:29)Kasilo (Zimbabwe). G(cid:29) P(cid:29) Kilonzo (Tanzania). M(cid:29) E(cid:29) Kitler
(WHO). M(cid:29)Koulu (Finland). A(cid:29)Kucers (Australia). V(cid:29)Lepakhin
(Russian Federation). Jia7Tai Li (China). P(cid:29)Männistö (Finland).
P(cid:29)Mordujovich de Buschiazzo (Argentina). P(cid:29)Neuvonen (Fin7
land). G(cid:29)O(cid:29)Obiago (Nigeria). P(cid:29)Paakari (Finland). J(cid:29)H(cid:29)Pater
(Canada). L(cid:29)Rago (Estonia). M(cid:29)Reidenberg (USA). J(cid:29)Reinstein
(World Self7Medication Industry). H(cid:29)Ruskoaho (Finland).
B(cid:29)Santoso (Indonesia). S(cid:29)A(cid:29)Shah (World Self7Medication In7
dustry). M(cid:29)Thomas (India). O(cid:29)Tokola (Finland). H(cid:29)Vapaatalo
(Finland). K(cid:29)Weerasuriya (Sri Lanka). H(cid:29)Yasuhara (Japan).
P(cid:29)Ylitalo (Finland). Zhu Jun7ren (China)(cid:29)
The draft text of the formulary was reviewed by a team
of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain.
consisting of Mildred Davis. Ann M(cid:29) Hargreaves. Sheenagh
M(cid:29) Townsend7Smith and Louise J(cid:29) Whitley(cid:29) Without their
dedicated support this formulary could not have been
published(cid:29)
Priscilla Appiah. Eric I(cid:29) Connor. Daphne Fresle. Charles Fry.
Gerard P(cid:29) Gallagher. Prakash Gotecha. Kath Hurst. Genevieve
Meier. Balaji Ramachandran. Rachel S(cid:29)M(cid:29) Ryan. Li M(cid:29) Wan.
Ann Wilberforce and John Wilson all made valuable
contributions to the production process(cid:29)
The project was managed by Mary R(cid:29) Couper and Hans V(cid:29)
Hogerzeil of the WHO Department of Essential Drugs and
Medicines Policy with the secretarial assistance of Pam Jude(cid:29)
The development of the WHO Model Formulary was
partly funded through a grant received from the Finnish
International Development Agency(cid:29)
FormTitle.pm 2 9/7/2002, 12:35 pm
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iii
Contents
Abbreviations iv
Introduction v
Generaladvidetoprescribers 1
Section1:DrugsusedinAnaesthesia 15
Section2:Analgesics,antipyretics,nonsteroidalanti-inflammatory
drugs,drugsusedtotreatgout,anddisease-modifying
antirheumaticdrugs 33
Section3:Antiallergicsanddrugsusedinanaphylaxis 49
Section4:Antidotesandothersubstancesusedinpoisonings 55
Section5:Anticonvulsants/antiepileptics 65
Section6:Anti-infectivedrugs 76
Section7:Antimigrainedrugs 177
Section8:Antineoplasticandimmunosuppressivedrugsanddrugs
usedinpalliativecare 183
Section9:Antiparkinsondrugs 201
Section10:Drugsaffectingtheblood 205
Section11:Bloodproductsandplasmasubstitutes 214
Section12:Cardiovasculardrugs 218
Section13:DermatologicalDrugs(topical) 247
Section14:Diagnostics 262
Section15:DisinfectantsandAntiseptics 269
Section16:Diuretics 274
Section17:Gastrointestinaldrugs 282
Section18:Hormonesandotherendocrinedrugsandcontra-
ceptives 297
Section19:Immunologicals 326
Section20:Musclerelaxants(peripherallyacting)andcholinesterase
inhibitors 350
Section21:Ophthalmologicalpreparations 353
Section22:DrugsusedinObstetrics 363
Section23:Peritonealdialysissolution 368
Section24:Psychotherapeuticdrugs 370
Section25:Drugsactingontherespiratorytract 384
Section26:Solutionscorrectingwater,electrolyteandacid-base
disturbances 396
Section27:Vitaminsandminerals 404
Appendix1:Interactions 413
Appendix2:Pregnancy 477
Appendix3:Breastfeeding 488
Appendix4:Renalimpairment 495
Appendix5:Hepaticimpairment 502
Index 506
WHOModelFormulary2002
iv
Abbreviations
ACE angiotensin-convertingenzyme
ADR adversedrugreaction
AIDS acquiredimmunodeficiencysyndrome
AV atrioventricular
BP BritishPharmacopoeia
CNS centralnervoussystem
CSF cerebrospinalfluid
DMARD disease-modifyingantirheumaticdrug
ECG electrocardiogram
EEG electro-encephalogram
G6PD glucose6-phosphatedehydrogenase
GFR glomerularfiltrationrate
HIV humanimmunodeficiencyvirus
HRT hormonereplacementtherapy
INR internationalnormalizedratio
MDI metereddoseinhaler
NSAID nonsteroidalanti-inflammatorydrug
spp. species
SSRI selectiveserotoninreuptakeinhibitor
USP UnitesStatesPharmacopeia
WHO WorldHealthOrganization
WHOModelFormulary2002
v
Introduction
In1995theWHOExpertCommitteeontheUseofEssential
DrugsrecommendeddevelopmentofaWHOModelFormulary
which wouldcomplement theWHO ModelListofEssential
Drugs(the‘ModelList’)andthatwouldbeupdatedeverytwo
years.ItwasconsideredthatsuchaModelFormularywouldbe
ausefulresourceforcountrieswishingto developtheirown
nationalformulary.
AfterafirstconsultationinApril1996workwasstartedto
draftsectionsofthetextaccordingtothetherapeuticcategories
intheModelList.AsecondconsultationwasheldinHelsinkiin
September1997,atwhichseveraldraftsectionsofthetextwere
discussed.AtathirdconsultationinOctober1999thefulltext
wasreviewed.
In November 1999 the Expert Committee on the Use of
Essential Drugs reviewed progress in the project. It recom-
mendedthatWHOacceptanofferbytheRoyalPharmaceutical
Society of Great Britain (which, together with the British
MedicalAssociation,publishestheBritishNationalFormulary)
totakeresponsibilityforfinaldatavalidation,editingandlay-
out.Agreementtothiseffectwasreachedinearly2000.
Duringthevalidationprocessallstatementsinthedrafttext
were compared with the original references and checked for
consistencywithotherWHOdocumentsandrecommendations
andreputabledruginformationsources.Afullrecordofthis
validationandallensuingtechnicalandeditorialchangestothe
draft text, with the underlying reasons and the relevant
references,isavailable.Asthiswasthefirsteditionofanew
reference text this work took almost two years and was
completed by the end of 2001. During this process when
necessary the text was updated to take into account new
informationthathadbecomeavailablesincethetimeofwriting.
Monographswereincludedforthesmallnumberofessential
drugsthathadbeenaddedtotheModelListinNovember1999.
Although the initial plan was to maintain in the Model
Formularythesectionheadingsandnumberingsystemofthe
ModelList,thisproveddifficultinpractice.Themainreason
wasthatthesectionsoftheModelListarenotalwaysusefulas
therapeutic categories, and do not easily lend themselves to
introductoryevaluativestatements.Smallchangeswerethere-
foreintroduced.TheModelFormularyhasalsobeenrelatively
generousinrepeatingtheformularytextofessentialdrugsunder
otherrelevanttherapeuticcategories.
Thelackoffullconcurrencewiththenumberingsystemofthe
ModelListshouldnotbeamajorproblemforusers.Theywill
beabletoaccessinformationreadilyeitherthroughthecontent
listorthroughthemainindexwhichincludesbothdrugnames
and disease terms. Dissemination of the Model List and the
WHOModelFormulary2002
vi
ModelFormularywillfocusonelectronicaccessthroughCD-
ROMsandtheWHOMedicineswebsite;theModelFormulary
willbelinkedtotheModelList.
TheelectronicversionoftheModelFormularyisalsointended
as a starting point for developing national or institutional
formularies. Rather than having to start completely from the
beginning,nationalorinstitutionalformularycommitteescan
adaptthetextoftheModelFormularytotheirownneedsby
changingthetextoraligningtheformularytotheirownlistof
essentialdrugsbyaddingordeletingentries.
Despitealleffortsitisunavoidablethatthisfirsteditionofthe
WHOModelFormularymaycontainsomeomissionsorerrors.
Everyefforthasbeenmadetoensurethattheinformationinthe
ModelFormularyhasinternationalapplicability,butinevitably
there will be instances where the local management of
conditions will be different to that advised here. All readers
are encouraged to send their comments, corrections and
suggestions to the Editor of the WHO Model Formulary,
DepartmentofEssentialDrugsandMedicinesPolicy,World
Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland, fax 41-22-
7914167.
WHOModelFormulary2002