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Well TE PAPER ON SCIENCE AND TECrINOLOGY 1995 Fifty Years of Postwar Science and Technology in Japan Edited by Science and Technology Agency Japanese Government Published by The Japan Information Center of Science and Technology 22501126625 WrilTE PAPER ON SCIENCE AND TECrINOLOGY = 1995 Fifty Years of Postwar Science and Technology in Japan WELLCOME LIBRARY Edited by Science and Technology Agency Japanese Government Published by The Japan Information Center of Science and Technology The Japan Information Center of Science and Technology. 1996 All rights reserved. No part of publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner, the Japan Information Center of Science and Technology. This White Paper on Science and Technology 1995 is translated from the Japanese language original published by Science and Technology Agency, Japanese Government. Edited by: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGENCY JAPANESE GOVERNMENT 2-1, Kasumigaseki 2-Chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100 Japan Published by: THE JAPAN INFORMATION CENTER OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 5-3, Yonbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102 Japan ISBN4-88890-23 2-1 Printed in Japan Contents Part 1 Fifty Years of Postwar Science and Technology in Japan ..................: 1 1.1 Indicators that Explain Fifty Years of Postwar Scientific and Technological ACUVily,In.Japan... .YViITLONnGos 10. evooen. bas. fotouvenoIen .GB.... 6.6... 1 Iai. Research, Expenditure... .. AGNQUDOTT DoOF.m.eazsoionl TIS... 1 11.12b-lOltal Research Expendituresiis.] iniDaWLOAS.nisert SMS... 1 1.1.1.2 Research Expenditures as a Percentage of GNP ................. 3 1.1.1.3 International Comparison of R&D Expenditures as a Percentage of GrosssNational.mroducti(GNP)deasW/ to-motavT eArd. Ate.- 62 6. 4 1.1.1.4 Trends in the Share of R&D Financing among Organizations ....... 3 1.1.1.5 Trends in Corporate R&D Expenditures ..........0 00.0.0... eee if 1 eZ ReScancn DolsOliniaiiress satyorce: eel Tree Ite oe eee ee eae 10 i oan NUMbenORReseatchers: seced.ae lupeetve eens AKL... esse 10 1.1.2.2 Increases in Numbers of Researchers According to Sector ........ 11 1.1.2.3 Number of Researchers per 10,000 Population and per 10,000 Labor ROME regic acol sacud saninapegdiea tst qcecaeus fee tba geet 12 1.1.2.4 Ratio of Researchers to Total People Employed in Industries ...... 13 1.1.2.5 Number of Assistant Research Workers and Technicians per POSCAIChOisr wimnamets ta ne ce itunes ee rt ee yey ea 14 1.1.2.6 Education of Scientific and Technological Personnel .............. 14 1a1.3.Intemationalization.of Research Activity—.. 2. ne a ee eee 19 1.1.3.1 International Exchanges of Scientific and Technological PeTSONMG ew iin we sewer are ete, Cr EE OOP Ee re ene see ae 19 1.1.3.2 Number of International Conferences Held ...................45. 19 1.1.4 Technology Trade with Other Nations ......20..... ce.e n.e c.ece. ee s 24 pelea veel PAC hie) Gil OLOGY geen MA is ee ee Bd as knw it 24 1.1.4.2 Technology Trade Amounts by Region .................-.---00e- 25 1.1.4.3 Technology Trade Amounts in Selected Industries ................ 25 1.1.4.4 Number of Introductions of Foreign Technology .................. 29 dc rot ReatentSpuaAsizing FBO Br TOR ae ee en oe... 30 15.15 NumberieiPatentApplications euyiiie nee nt eee ee eee 30 1.1.5.2 Patent Applications in Foreign Countries (Number of Patent Applications) ea: 0i is lee ceameiel Mutinare ih etait Co Ged ete ee eee 30 1.1.5.3 Ratios of Granted Patents by Japanese in Foreign Countries ...... 30 1,1,6; High-Tech Rrogucts erg. artnain unineteaists 2ats c)e8 oit. eaftt ehP els sss 32 tals ScientificeRapersahaiyneta tere ne ete metomirenOah iafetol e-e n 34 1.1.7.1 Number of Scientific Papers Published ..................-000000- 34 1.1.7.2 Number of Times Scientific Papers are Cited .................... 35 1.7: GltatiOl ETOOUENCY FS. cle ic, causes oe aie een, rere ee 35 1.1.8, Nobel Poze: Winners 5... area eis awa. ree 2 eee ae sos eee 36 1g1.9. Science-andaiechnology, BUdGeIS musiutanen 6s ss 2m soi oy 8 = 0 37 1.2 Changes in the Nation’s Approach to Science and Technology .............. 39 1.2.1 From War’s End through the 1950s: Science and Technology for Survival and Reconstruction and Recovery of Economy ...................... 39 1.2.7.1, Increases.in.Food:Production’: ». 2 sa.t/sooigepeseeh aTsaed. 39 1.2.1.2 Health.and Medical CareewtdaziaseheR atafuol.e I.of F Exes 41 1.2.1.3 Assuring)Adequate:ReSsourcese@x inridoeseeoeh rSPdE 9.. ... .2. 41 1.2.1.4 Economic Recovery and Independence .................0.....-- 41 1.2.1.5 The Abolition of War-time Systems and the Establishment of the Science Council of Japan and the Scientific Technical Administration Committee .. 2ascCLEjC eiieaesnet?m Alc ahed: r2 oste 48 1.2.1.6 Setting Up a System for the Promotion of Science and TeChnology .... «2: = = 2:5 <0 -'= = cgi 49 1.2.1.7 Development in Universities and Other Institutions of Higher L@AIMING . vee ee ee es Oe ee oe 52 .2.2 The 1960s: Science and Technology for Economic Growth and Expanding a the Socioeconomic Infrastructure .........-.3-) 5e.:e.. 5 52 1.2.2.1 The Plan to Double Incomes and Increases in Scientific and Engineering Personnel Toree ocee .ee .. 52 1.2.2.2 Promotion of Independent Technological Development ............ 54 1.2.2.3 The Advancement of Large-scale Projects ......................- 23 1.2.2.4 Massive Enlargement of Production Facilities .................... 55 1.2.2.5 Remedying the Strains Caused by High Growth .................. 56 1 .2.3 The 1970s: Remedying the Strains of Rapid Growth and Responding to a Changing WoOnrld |... ess os mugs ann antes ees = one Sf 1.2.3.1 Measures to Deal'with Pollution’. 2. 7)... s- . - - se ay: 1.2.3.2 Responses to the Oil Crises 2-237... 2... eae nee 58 1.2.3.3 Business Research and Development and Changes in Technological LOVE ree en ee ee ee ee ee ne A ee 60 1.2.3:4 ‘Developments it Efectronics “2 So yore haee ee 62 1.2.3:5 ‘Life Science .......2+.25e2ts5 .2S.e5e5 2505 63 1.2.3.6 Measures to Advance Along with the Times ................-.... 64 .2.4 From the 1980s Onward: Emphasizing Creative Science and Technology —t and Responding to New Issues. .+< += +. +. ee eee ee 64 1.2.4.1 Japan’s Increased Importance in the World Economy ............. 64 1.2.4.2 Efforts to Foster Creative Science and Technology ............... 65 1.2.4.3 Determination of the “General Guidelines for Science and Technology Policy?....... DaneICuT seqeS offinaieg tn radeuts. 1...4.8- ae 67 1.2.4.4 Promotion of Research Exchanges ...........c.ec.e0 ce:c0e eeee e 67 1.2.4.5 Development of the Information Age ............c.ee. e.e0 ee0e . 68 1.2.4.6 Measures to Deal with Cancer ......0.00 .ccc. ce.ce e.ee0 eee0 ee e 69 1.2.4.7 Steps Taken in the Field of International Relations in Sciece and Technologyiat isar.oi eesmoneord O8'ic Seco .¢.tf.c-....-- 69 1.2.4.8 Heightened Concern Over Global Environmental Problems ........ aA 1.2.4.9 A Drop in Private Sector Investment in Research and Development. 72 1.3 Toward Science and Technology for Individual Welfare and Amenity ......... 73 1.3.1 Issues Faced by Japan in the 50th Year since the War’s End .......... i) 1.3.1.1 The End of the Cold War and the Economic and Social Issues Japan BACGs. epSet eee eee ee fT ON ee is 13 152 BosUONCIIC (Gi Clcnid INSS UCS we ween irc tte a Ge cee e sas chs 1.3.1.3 Creating an Enriching Society that Provides Peace of Mind ........ 78 1.3.1.4 The Public’s Faith in Science and Technology.................... 79 1.3.2 Striving to Become a Nation based on Creative Science and LECHNOIOGVITe: Ort ate PIOHey col. attend csCuetues oie, JETER MOC: ay. 80 1.3.2.1 Intellectual Assets that Can be Handed Down to the Next Grsyo t (ag Wrinrammand Leu tente 5,e die htettind ica iioaetly Setedrhineaek ctl eaed ath ere 82 1.3.2.2 Increased Institutional Encouragement of Creativity ............... 83 1.3.2.3 Increased Mobility of Researchers ..............ee.e. e0ee0 ece e 84 °' Soerabete i2 )1 5)E S 8 PYm y CSS)1 121S Hace ema eevee pa a ga Ia 86 es OMe SCOL CIEV entUOLL meter pte atest eee eg a ne a Wa Ge ches sa 87 1.3.2.6 Sustaining Japan’s Problem Solving Abilities .................... 88 1.3.3 The Countributions of Science and Technology to Society and Daily ASEM OG eevee ee, iets. eyo ae Re eat pra lh Sin 88 1.3.3.1 The Public’s Expectations of Greater Welfare/Amenity through SS SSVI 1a Sy RUN E)O Le| rca neg Metin omelet teense vld eh A SIA ie 89 1.3.3.2 Technology’s Past Emphasis on Production ..................+.: 90 1.3.3.3 Technology and the Social System .......... 00.000. c eee eee ee 91 1.3.3.4 Emphasis on Comprehensiveness ............0es0e .ee 0ee0 e0ea e 94 1.3.3.5 Emphasizing People and Responding to Diverse Needs ........... 95 1.3.3.6 The Government's Role in Promoting Science and Technology for SOCICTV: AlIGLE Ai MaaG ira er eremees ean kG Sen ilet aiskPe- sso wie a!p elea ae 96 1.3.4 Promoting Society’s Dialogue with Science and Technology ........... 96 1.3.4.1 Society's Awareness of Science and Technology ................. 97 1.3.4.2 Promoting Dialogue between Society and Persons Involved in Science,and jlechnologyin-an»~wsleshaiest ierereOhcrth Ries -.-.- 103 Concludin@Remaks? phi catieert ea reetiioe tohsiS 2128S. 8.9.6... 112 Part 2 The Current Status of Science and Technology in Japan and Other Nations . 113 2.1. R&D’ Expenditures 2.7. SpA Noarnn1 ommeiMmqonmvetad:i CeASTr eiil cc. 114 2.121 ‘Total R&D: Expenditures*: ssons.2 rien iseQ Of eeueBSM ON. STs loc 114 212-1 Trends +v:R&DExpendituresbiats ‘adk at haNeT. date TINE Fo. ioe 114 2.1.1.2 Increase of R&D Expenditures in Real Terms .................45- 114 2.1.1.3 R&D Expenditures as a Percentage of Gross National Product (GN) aaoatt a: famertacel Noise: ateuiel aieen? A. Os OF eee 116 2.1.2 R&D Expenditures by Financing and Performance Sector ............. Las. 2.1.2.1 Share of R&D Expenditures by Financing and Performance ....... LZ, 2. 1:2.2. A&D Expenditures DY SCClIOl ea. ge wa 120 2.1.2.3 R&D Expenditures by Consisting Elements ...................00: 127 2.1.3 R&D Expenditures by Character Of WOM occck 127 2.2 Research,.Personnel i..c. a et:ig cscy:sspsat esse ence ee. See 131 2.2.1 ,RESCAICHELS. 0. Sncctnunn diye Shee Biever eee ne 131 2.2.1.1 INumber.of Researchers <x nye.s cousy optus penetra cn eee eek 131 2.2.1.2 Number of Researchers per 10,000 Population and per 10,000 Labor FORO OP ooo ape ncs ce au tym en ae satea ys en ny eget ag =e ony Oa 131 2.2.1.3 Number of Researchers by Sector......c.cc. c.ec.e .ee .ee. e.ee 131 2.2.2'R&D Expenditures per-Researcher, «2,-0.0 . ae ee 140 2.2:3<Personnel Engagecd-in R&D ie? ee es eee ae a 142 2.2.4 Overall’'Degree Trends ....'..... 2... 25: . a = en gene ee 144 2.3 Trends Related to Research Performance ............ce.nccec ceeeeaeee s 150 2.3.1 Trade iit TEChnGlogy (otic a cs a eS ae 150 2.3.1.1 Trends in the Technology Trade of Selected Countries ............ 150 2.3.1.2 Japan’s Trade in Technology with Other Countries and Regions .... 151 2.3.1.3, Trends of Japan's Trade. in Technology “.. 2. 22 sei] ae eee 153 Qe PLOTS oe aie an, epeya ce. = ntage Spey ie <ae alase re oot pase es ee 17 2.3.2.1 Patents in Selected Countries (Trends in Application and Registration) rye es sce ce Oh te sre gts et I ee 157. 2.3.2.2 Patent Applications by Japanese in Foreign Countries ............ 160 2.3.2.3 Trends in Patent Application in Japan..................0...000-- 160 2.3.3 High*Fectt Products 0ng2e mr. O08. SIROG Ss DSR <r tet oe 164 2:3)4) Scientific: Papers)<si.akieo inoemetnieavorm) 6eaT SO0.8. oF 2.2 165 Part 3 Science and Technology Policy Development in Japan .................+055 169 3.1 General Guideline for Science and Technology Policy .................000. 169 3.2 The Council for Science and Technology ...........0.0.0..5.. AEE roe 174 3.2.1 The General Basic:Policy Gener ¥RAV Ree ene. Sopra. 200. 18 SOHO 176 3.2.2 Basic Plan for Important Areas of Research and Development......... 176 iv