What English Language Teachers Need to Know Volume II: Facilitating Learning (ESL & Applied Linguistics Professional Series)

252 Pages·2010·1.61 MB·English

by  Denise E. Murray

What English Language Teachers
Need to Know Volume II:
Facilitating Learning
Designed for pre-service teachers and teachers new to the field of ELT, these
companion textbooks are organized around the key question: What do teachers
need to know and be able to do in order for their students to learn English? All
English language teachers need to understand the nature of language and language
learning, and with that understanding they need to be able to facilitate student
learning.
Volume I, on understanding learning, provides the background information
that teachers need to know and be able to use in their classroom:
(cid:127) the characteristics of the context in which they work
(cid:127) how English works and how it is learned
(cid:127) their role in the larger professional sphere of English language education
Volume II, on facilitating learning, covers the three main facets of teaching:
(cid:127) planning
(cid:127) instructing
(cid:127) assessing
The focus throughout is on outcomes, that is, student learning.
Features of the texts
(cid:127) Situated in current research in the field of English language teaching and other
disciplines that inform it
(cid:127) Sample data, including classroom vignettes
(cid:127) Three kinds of activities/tasks designed to create a dialog between text and
reader and so help teachers and prospective teachers to understand and apply
the material being presented: Explore; Reflect; and Expand
The texts work for teachers across different contexts (countries where English is the
dominant language, one of the official languages, or taught as a foreign language);
different levels (elementary/primary, secondary, college or university, or adult
education); and different learning purposes (general English, workplace English,
English for academic purposes, or English for specific purposes).
Denise E. Murray is Professor Emerita, Macquarie University, Australia, and
Professor Emerita, San José State University, US.
MaryAnn Christison is Professor, University of Utah, Department of Linguistics
and the Urban Institute for Teacher Education, US.
ESL & Applied Linguistics Professional Series
Eli Hinkel, Series Editor
Murray/Christison · What English Language Teachers Need to Know I: Understanding Learning
Murray/Christison · What English Language Teachers Need to Know II: Facilitating Learning
Nunan/Choi, Eds. · Language and Culture: Reflective Narratives and the Emergence of Identity
Braine · Nonnative Speaker English Teachers: Research, Pedagogy, and Professional Growth
Burns · Doing Action Research in English Language Teaching: A Guide for Practitioners
Nation/Macalister · Language Curriculum Design
Birch · The English Language Teacher and Global Civil Society
Johnson · Second Language Teacher Education: A Sociocultural Perspective
Nation · Teaching ESL/EFL Reading and Writing
Nation/Newton · Teaching ESL/EFL Listening and Speaking
Kachru/Smith · Cultures, Contexts, and World Englishes
McKay/Bokhorst-Heng · International English in its Sociolinguistic Contexts: Towards a
Socially Sensitive EIL Pedagogy
Christison/Murray, Eds. · Leadership in English Language Education: Theoretical Foundations
and Practical Skills for Changing Times
McCafferty/Stam, Eds. · Gesture: Second Language Acquisition and Classroom Research
Liu · Idioms: Description, Comprehension, Acquisition, and Pedagogy
Chapelle/Enright/Jamison, Eds. · Building a Validity Argument for the Test of English as a
Foreign Language
Kondo-Brown/Brown, Eds. · Teaching Chinese, Japanese, and Korean Heritage Students
Curriculum Needs, Materials, and Assessments
Youmans · Chicano-Anglo Conversations: Truth, Honesty, and Politeness
Birch · English L2 Reading: Getting to the Bottom, Second Edition
Luk/Lin · Classroom Interactions as Cross-cultural Encounters: Native Speakers in EFL Lessons
Levy/Stockwell · CALL Dimensions: Issues and Options in Computer Assisted Language
Learning
Nero, Ed. · Dialects, Englishes, Creoles, and Education
Basturkmen · Ideas and Options in English for Specific Purposes
Kumaravadivelu · Understanding Language Teaching: From Method to Postmethod
McKay · Researching Second Language Classrooms
Egbert/Petrie, Eds. · CALL Research Perspectives
Canagarajah, Ed. · Reclaiming the Local in Language Policy and Practice
Adamson · Language Minority Students in American Schools: An Education in English
Fotos/Browne, Eds. · New Perspectives on CALL for Second Language Classrooms
Hinkel · Teaching Academic ESL Writing: Practical Techniques in Vocabulary and Grammar
Hinkel/Fotos, Eds. · New Perspectives on Grammar Teaching in Second Language Classrooms
Hinkel · Second Language Writers’ Text: Linguistic and Rhetorical Features
Visit www.routledge.com/education for additional information on titles in the
ESL & Applied Linguistics Professional Series.
What English Language
Teachers Need to Know
Volume II
Facilitating Learning
Denise E. Murray and
MaryAnn Christison
First published 2011
by Routledge
270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016
Simultaneously published in the UK
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2010.
To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group,
an informa business
© 2011 Taylor & Francis
The right of Denise E. Murray and MaryAnn Christison to be
identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in
accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical,
or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be
trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for
identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Murray, Denise E.
What English language teachers need to know. Volume II :
facilitating learning / Denise E. Murray and MaryAnn Christison.
p. cm.
Includes index.
1. English language—Study and teaching—Foreign speakers.
2. Language and languages—Study and teaching. 3. Language and
languages—Study and teaching. I. Christison, MaryAnn. II. Title.
PE1128.A2M878 2010
428.2′4—dc22 2010005349
ISBN 0-203-84629-X Master e-book ISBN
ISBN13: 978–0–415–80640–4 (hbk)
ISBN13: 978–0–415–80641–1 (pbk)
ISBN13: 978–0–203–84629–2 (ebk)
Brief Contents
Preface xi
Acknowledgements xv
PART I
Planning 1
1 Planning Curriculum 3
2 Planning Lesson Content 18
3 Planning Activities and Managing
Classroom Interaction 33
4 Selecting and Adapting Materials 50
PART II
Instructing for Learning 67
5 Teaching Young Learners 69
6 Teaching Adolescent Learners 87
7 Adult Immigrants and Refugees 101
8 Postsecondary Adult Learners 117
9 Workplace Literacy 132
10 Integrating Language and Content 148
11 Exploring One’s Own Instruction 161
vi Brief Contents
PART III
Assessing for Learning 177
12 Formative and Alternative Assessment 179
13 Large-Scale Assessment 195
14 Program Evaluation 212
Index 227
Contents
Preface xi
Acknowledgements xv
PART I
Planning 1
1 Planning Curriculum 3
Introduction 4
Organizing Principles 5
Curriculum Design Process 10
Adapting Curriculum 15
Curriculum in Practice 15
Conclusion 16
Questions for Discussion 16
References 17
2 Planning Lesson Content 18
Introduction 19
Principles for Planning Instruction 19
Types of Content 21
Creating a Unit of Work 23
Planning Lessons 25
Conclusion 31
Questions for Discussion 32
References 32
3 Planning Activities and Managing
Classroom Interaction 33
Introduction 34
Planning Activities 34
viii Contents
Managing Classroom Interaction 45
Conclusion 47
Questions for Discussion 48
Notes 48
References 48
4 Selecting and Adapting Materials 50
Introduction 51
Selecting Textbooks 51
Adapting and Supplementing Textbooks 53
Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) 59
Materials in Under-resourced Contexts 63
Conclusion 64
Questions for Discussion 64
References 64
PART II
Instructing for Learning 67
5 Teaching Young Learners 69
Introduction 70
Characteristics of Young Learners 70
Instructing for Learning 72
Organizing for Learning 78
Conclusion 84
Questions for Discussion 85
Note 85
References 85
6 Teaching Adolescent Learners 87
Introduction 88
Characteristics of Adolescent Learners 89
Instructing for Learning 90
Key Areas of Adolescent Development 91
Literacy Needs of L2 Adolescent Learners 96
Conclusion 99
Questions for Discussion 99
Notes 99
References 100
Contents ix
7 Adult Immigrants and Refugees 101
Introduction 102
Characteristics of Adult Immigrants and Refugees 102
Worldwide Contexts 105
Instructing for Learning 108
Conclusion 114
Questions for Discussion 115
Notes 115
References 116
8 Postsecondary Adult Learners 117
Introduction 118
Characteristics of Learners 119
Instructing for Learning 120
Conclusion 128
Questions for Discussion 129
Notes 129
References 129
9 Workplace Literacy 132
Introduction 133
The Need for Workplace Literacy 134
The Adult Learner 136
Workforce Preparation Programs 137
Workplace Instruction 141
Conclusion 144
Questions for Discussion 145
Notes 145
References 145
10 Integrating Language and Content 148
Introduction 149
Characteristics of Learners and Contexts 149
Models and Programs for Integrating Language and Content 152
Options for the Delivery of Instruction 153
Instructing for Learning 155
Conclusion 158
Questions for Discussion 159
Notes 159
References 159