Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries

1085 Pages·2013·105.094 MB·English

by  Thomas F.X. Noble

1
2
Western 3
4
Civilization
5
6
Beyond
7
Boundaries 8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54S
55R
56L
2nd pass pages
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
This page intentionally left blank
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54S
55R
56L
2nd pass pages
1
2
Western 3
4
5
6
Civilization
7
8
9
Beyond 10
11
12
Boundaries 13
14
15
16
Fifth Edition 17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Thomas F. X. Noble 26
27
University of Notre Dame
28
Barry Strauss 29
30
Cornell University 31
32
Duane J. Osheim
33
University of Virginia 34
35
Kristen B. Neuschel
36
Duke University 37
38
Elinor A. Accampo
39
40
University of Southern California
41
David D. Roberts 42
43
University of Georgia
44
William B. Cohen 45
46
Late of Indiana University
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54S
55R
56L
Houghton Mifflin Company Boston New York
2nd pass pages
1 Publisher: Suzanne Jeans
2 Senior Sponsoring Editor: Nancy Blaine
3
Senior Marketing Manager: Katherine Bates
4
Marketing Assistant: Lauren Bussard
5
Senior Development Editor: Julie Swasey
6
7 Editorial Assistant: Adrienne Zicht
8 Senior Project Editor: Christina Horn
9 Editorial Assistant: Carrie Parker
10
Art and Design Coordinator: Jill Haber
11
Cover Design Director: Tony Saizon
12
Senior Photo Editor: Jennifer Meyer Dare
13
14 Composition Buyer: Chuck Dutton
15 New Title Project Manager: James Lonergan
16
17
Cover image:Louise Elizabeth Vigée-LeBrun (1755–1842), Madame Molé-Raymond
18
(1759–1833), actress with the company of the Comédie italienne in Paris, 1786. Photo-
19
graph: Louvre, Paris/Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY.
20
21 Text credits: Page 71:Quotation by Sappho from Ancient Greek Literature and Society, 2d
22 ed., by Charles Rowan Beye. Copyright ©1987 by Cornell University Press. Reprinted by
23 permission. Page 121:Excerpt from The Aeneid of Virgil, trans. Allen Mandelbaum. Copy-
24 right ©1971 by Allen Mandelbaum. Reprinted by permission of Bantam Books, a division
25 of Bantam, Doubleday, Dell Publishing Group, Inc. Page 305:“Down there, around Venta-
26 dorn” from The Lyrics of the Troubadour and Trouvères, trans. Frederick Goldin. Copyright
©1973 by Frederick Goldin. Used by permission of Doubleday, a division of Random
27
House, Inc. Page 305:“Friend, if you had shown consideration” from lyrics by Castellozza,
28
in The Women Troubadoursby Meg Bogin (W. W. Norton, 1976). Copyright ©1976 by
29
Magda Bogin. Reprinted by permission of Magda Bogin. Page 831:Excerpts from A Room
30
of One’s Ownby Virginia Woolf. Copyright ©1929 by Harcourt, Inc., and renewed 1957 by
31
Leonard Woolf. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.
32
33
34
35
36 Copyright ©2008 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
37
No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
38
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information
39
storage or retrieval system without the prior written permission of Houghton Mifflin
40
Company unless such copying is expressly permitted by federal copyright law. Address
41
inquiries to College Permissions, Houghton Mifflin Company, 222 Berkeley Street, Boston,
42
MA 02116–3764.
43
44 Printed in the U.S.A.
45
46 Library of Congress Control Number: 2006935032
47
48 Instructor’s Exam Copy:
ISBN-13: 978-0-618-83423-5
49
ISBN-10: 0-618-83423-0
50
51
For orders, use Student Text ISBNs:
52
ISBN-13: 978-0-618-79424-9
53
ISBN-10: 0-618-79424-7
54S
55R 123456789-VH-10 09 08 07 06
56L
2nd pass pages
B C
RIEF ONTENTS 1
2
3
4
5
CHAPTER1 THE ANCESTORS OF THE WEST 2 6
CHAPTER2 THE SWORD, THE BOOK, AND THE MYTHS: 7
8
WESTERN ASIA AND EARLY GREECE 30
9
CHAPTER3 THE AGE OF THE POLIS IN GREECE, CA. 750–350 B.C. 58 10
11
CHAPTER4 ALEXANDER THE GREAT AND THE SPREAD OF 12
GREEK CIVILIZATION, CA. 350–30 B.C. 92 13
14
CHAPTER5 ROME, FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE 120 15
16
CHAPTER6 IMPERIAL ROME, 31 B.C.–A.D. 284 152 17
CHAPTER7 THE WORLD OF LATE ANTIQUITY, 284–CA. 600 180 18
19
CHAPTER8 EARLY MEDIEVAL CIVILIZATIONS, 600–900 212 20
21
CHAPTER9 THE EXPANSION OF EUROPE IN THE 22
HIGH MIDDLE AGES, 900–1300 246 23
24
CHAPTER10 MEDIEVAL CIVILIZATION AT ITS HEIGHT, 900–1300 282 25
CHAPTER11 CRISIS AND RECOVERY IN LATE MEDIEVAL 26
27
EUROPE, 1300–1500 314
28
CHAPTER12 THE RENAISSANCE 350 29
30
CHAPTER13 EUROPEAN OVERSEAS EXPANSION TO 1600 384 31
32
CHAPTER14 THE AGE OF THE REFORMATION 414 33
34
CHAPTER15 EUROPE IN THE AGE OF RELIGIOUS WARS, 1560–1648 450 35
CHAPTER16 EUROPE IN THE AGE OF LOUIS XIV, CA. 1640–1715 490 36
37
CHAPTER17 A REVOLUTION IN WORLDVIEW 522 38
39
CHAPTER18 EUROPE ON THE THRESHOLD OF MODERNITY, CA. 1715–1789 550 40
41
CHAPTER19 AN AGE OF REVOLUTION, 1789–1815 586 42
CHAPTER20 THE INDUSTRIAL TRANSFORMATION OF EUROPE, 1750–1850 618 43
44
CHAPTER21 RESTORATION, REFORM, AND REVOLUTION, 1814–1848 648 45
46
CHAPTER22 NATIONALISM AND POLITICAL REFORM, 1850–1880 680 47
48
CHAPTER23 THE AGE OF OPTIMISM, 1850–1880 710 49
CHAPTER24 ESCALATING TENSIONS, 1880–1914 738 50
51
52
53
54S
55R
56L
v
2nd pass pages
vi Brief Contents
1 CHAPTER25 WAR AND REVOLUTION, 1914–1919 770
2
3 CHAPTER26 THE ILLUSION OF STABILITY, 1919–1930 804
4
CHAPTER27 THE TORTURED DECADE, 1930–1939 836
5
6 CHAPTER28 THE ERA OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR, 1939–1949 868
7
8 CHAPTER29 AN ANXIOUS STABILITY: THE AGE OF THE COLD WAR,
9 1949–1989 906
10
11 CHAPTER30 A CONTINUING EXPERIMENT: THE WEST AND THE WORLD
12 SINCE 1989 944
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54S
55R
56L
2ndpass pages
C
ONTENTS 1
2
3
4
5
PREFACE xxv ISRAEL, CA. 1500–400 B.C. 40 6
ABOUT THE AUTHORS xxxi The Hebrew Bible 41 • The Emergence of 7
Hebrew Monotheism, ca.1500–600b.c. 42 • 8
1 Exile and Return, 598–ca.400b.c. 44 • The People 9
CHAPTER of the Covenant 45 10
THE ANCESTORS OF EARLY GREECE, TO CA. 725 B.C. 47 11
12
W The Minoans and Early Greece, 3000–1375b.c. 47 •
THE EST 13
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 The Mycenaeans, to ca.1180b.c. 49 • Between 14
ORIGINS, TO CA. 3000 B.C. 4 Mycenae and the City-States, ca.1100–725b.c. 53 • 15
The First Human Beings 4 • The Revolution in Homer and History 53 • World of the Heroes 55 16
Human Culture, ca.70,000–10,000b.c. 5 • CHAPTER SUMMARY 56 • LOOKING AHEAD 56 17
The Coming of Agriculture, ca.10,000–5000b.c. 7 • KEY TERMS 56 • SUGGESTED READING 57 18
Neolithic and Copper Age Europe, 7000–2500b.c. 9 • THE VISUAL RECORD 19
20
The Emergence of Civilization, 3500–3000b.c. 9 The Trojan War 50
21
MESOPOTAMIA, TO CA. 1600 B.C. 14 22
3
The City-States of Sumer 14 • Conquest and 23
CHAPTER
Assimilation, ca.2350–1900b.c. 15 • Hammurabi’s 24
T A P
Code 16 • Divine Masters 16 • Arts and HE GE OF THE OLIS IN 25
Sciences 17 G , . 750–350 . . 26
REECE CA B C
. . . . . .58 27
EGYPT, TO CA. 1100 B.C. 19 SOCIETY AND POLITICS IN ARCHAIC 28
DWiavri nAeb Kroinadg,s hRiepfo1rm9 •at HLiofem aen, d17 A8f6t–e1rl0if7e52b1.c.•22 • GREECE, CA. 750–500 B.C. 60 2390
Agriculture, Trade, Colonization, and Warfare 60 •
Arts and Sciences in the New Kingdom 23 31
Emergence of the Polis 63 • Corinth and
WIDENING HORIZONS: THE LEVANT AND 32
ANATOLIA, 2500–1150 B.C. 24 Tyranny 64 • Sparta 65 • Early Athens 68 33
The Canaanite City-States, ca.2500–1200b.c. 24 • THE CULTURE OF ARCHAIC GREECE 70 34
35
The Hittites, 1650–1180b.c. 26 • The First Revealing the Self: Lyric Poetry and Sculpture 70 •
36
International Peace, ca.1500–1150b.c. 26 Religious Faith and Practice 71 • The Origins of 37
Western Philosophy 72
CHAPTER SUMMARY 28 • LOOKING AHEAD 29 38
KEY TERMS 29 • SUGGESTED READING 29 CLASSICAL GREECE 74 39
The Development of Demokratia, 508–322b.c. 74 • 40
THE VISUAL RECORD
The Iceman and His World 10 How Demokratia Worked 76 • The Persian Wars, 41
499–479b.c. 77 • Struggles to Dominate Greece, 42
2 478–362b.c. 79 43
CHAPTER 44
THE PUBLIC CULTURE OF 45
THE SWORD, THE BOOK, AND CLASSICAL GREECE 80 46
M : W A Religion and Art 81 • The Sophists and 47
THE YTHS ESTERN SIA
Socrates 84 • Plato and Aristotle 85 • Athenian 48
E G
AND ARLY REECE Drama 86 • Historical Thought and Writing 88 49
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
APESRSYSIRAINANS,S C, AN.E1O2-0B0A–B3Y3L0ONBI.AC.NS,3 2AND KCHEYAPTTEERRMSSUM90M•ARSYU8G9GE•STELDOROKEAINDGINAGH9E0AD 90 555012
Assyrians and Neo-Babylonians 33 • Building the THE VISUAL RECORD 53
The Parthenon 82
Persian Empire 36 • The King of Kings 37 • 54S
Zoroastrianism 38 55R
56L
vii
2nd pass pages
viii Contents
1 4 THE EARLY AND MIDDLE REPUBLIC ABROAD,
2 CHAPTER CA. 509–133 B.C. 134
3 ALEXANDER THE GREAT Republican Expansion: The Conquest of Italy,
4 S ca.509–265b.c. 134 • Rome Versus Carthage:
5 AND THE PREAD OF The Punic Wars, 264–146b.c. 137 • Victories in the
6 GREEK CIVILIZATION, Hellenistic East, ca.200–133b.c. 139 • The
7
. 350–30 . . Socioeconomic Consequences of Expansion 139 •
8 CA B C
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92
The Impact of Greece on Rome and Its Empire 141
9
10 PHILIP AND ALEXANDER 94 THE LATE REPUBLIC AND ITS COLLAPSE,
11 The Rise of Macedon 94 • Alexander the 133–31 B.C. 143
12 Conqueror 95 The Gracchi 143 • Marius and Sulla 144 •
13 THE HELLENISTIC KINGDOMS, Pompey and Caesar 145 • The World of Cicero 149
14 323–30 B.C. 99 CHAPTER SUMMARY 150 • LOOKING AHEAD 151
15
Colonialism, Greek Style 100 • Economic KEY TERMS 151 • SUGGESTED READING 151
16
17 Expansion 101 • Macedon and Greece 102 • THE VISUAL RECORD
18 Ptolemaic Egypt 103 • Seleucids and From Poseidonia to Paestum 126
19 Attalids 104 • The Greco-Indian Interaction 105
20 ALEXANDRIAN CULTURE 107 6
CHAPTER
21
The Museum and Alexandrian Culture 107 •
22 I R ,
Advances in Science and Medicine 109 • MPERIAL OME
23
Men and Women in Art and Society 110 31 . .– . . 284
24 B C A D
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152
25 THE TURN INWARD:
26 NEW PHILOSOPHIES, NEW FAITHS 114 AUGUSTUS AND THE PRINCIPATE,
27 Hellenistic Philosophy 114 • The Mystery 31 B.C.–A.D. 68 154
28 The Political Settlement 154 • The Economic and
Religions 115 • Hellenistic Judaism 116
29 Social Settlement 155 • The Culture of the
CHAPTER SUMMARY 118 • LOOKING AHEAD 119
30 KEY TERMS 119 • SUGGESTED READING 119 Augustan Age 157 • The Julio-Claudians 158
31
THE ROMAN PEACE AND ITS COLLAPSE,
32 THE VISUAL RECORD
33 Images of Cleopatra 112 A.D. 69–284 161
The Flavians and the “Good Emperors” 161 •
34
35 5 Prosperity and Romanization in the Provinces 162 •
36 CHAPTER Roman Law on Class and Marriage 166 •
37 R , The Culture of the Roman Peace 166 • The Crisis
OME FROM
38 ofthe Third Century,a.d. 235–284 167
R E
39 EPUBLIC TO MPIRE . . . . . . . . . . . . .120 EARLY CHRISTIANITY 170
40
41 BEFORE THE REPUBLIC, 753–509 B.C. 122 Mystery Religions 170 • Jesus of Nazareth 172 •
42 The First Romans and Their Neighbors 123 • Paul of Tarsus 175 • Expansion, Divergence, and
43 The Roman Monarchy 128 Persecution 176
44 THE EARLY AND MIDDLE REPUBLIC AT HOME, CHAPTER SUMMARY 177 • LOOKING AHEAD 178
45 CA. 509–133 B.C. 128 KEY TERMS 178 • SUGGESTED READING 178
46
Political Institutions 129 • Conflict of the THE VISUAL RECORD
47
Orders, 494–287b.c. 130 • The Roman Gladiators 164
48
49 Household 131 • Patrons and Clients 132 •
50 Religion and Worldview 133
51
52
53
54S
55R
56L
2ndpass pages
Contents ix
7 THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE 221 1
CHAPTER
Shifting Frontiers 221 • New Forms of 2
T W L 3
HE ORLD OF ATE Government 223 • The Birth of Byzantine
4
A , 284– . 600 Culture 225
NTIQUITY CA 5
. . . .180 CATHOLIC KINGDOMS IN THE WEST 228 6
REBUILDING THE ROMAN EMPIRE, The Struggles of Visigothic Spain 228 • Italy and the 7
284–395
182 Papal States 229 • The Fate of the British Isles 229 8
The Reforms of Diocletian (r. 284–305) 182 • THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE 231 9
The Reforms of Constantine (r. 306–337) 185 • 10
The Rise of the Carolingian Family, 600–768 232 •
The Fourth-Century Empire: A Fragile Stability 186 11
The Empire of Charlemagne, 768–814 232 •
12
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND THE
Carolingian Government 234 • The Carolingian 13
ROMAN EMPIRE, 313–604 188
Renaissance 236 • The Fragmentation of 14
Emperors, Bishops, and Heretics 188 •
Charlemagne’s Empire, 814–887 238 15
The Institutional Development of the Catholic EARLY MEDIEVAL ECONOMIES AND 16
Church, ca.300–600 189 • The Rise of Christian SOCIETIES 240 17
Monasticism 192 18
Trade and Commerce 240 • Town and
THE RISE OF GERMANIC KINGDOMS 19
Countryside 241 • Social Patterns 242 • The
IN THE WEST, CA. 370–530 194 20
Experiences of Women 242
21
Invasions and Migrations 194 • Incorporating CHAPTER SUMMARY 243 • LOOKING AHEAD 244 22
theBarbarians 194 • More Kingdoms: The End KEY TERMS 244 • SUGGESTED READING 245 23
ofDirect Roman Rule in the West 196 • Old and
24
THE VISUAL RECORD
New in the West 199 Icons 226 25
THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE EAST, 26
395–565 199 9 27
CHAPTER 28
Constantinople and Its Rulers 199 •
29
The Emperor Justinian (r. 527–565) 201 T E
HE XPANSION OF 30
SOCIETY AND CULTURE IN LATE E H 31
UROPE IN THE IGH
ANTIQUITY 205 32
M A , 900–1300
Social Hierarchies and Realities 206 • The Quest for IDDLE GES 33
. . .246
a Catholic Tradition 207 • Saint Augustine and the 34
Christian Tradition 209 ECONOMIC EXPANSION 248 35
CHAPTER SUMMARY 210 • LOOKING AHEAD 211 The Growing Population 248 • Technological 36
KEY TERMS 211 • SUGGESTED READING 211 Gains 248 • Forms of Enterprise 251 • The Roles 37
of Cities and Towns 251 • Changing Economic 38
THE VISUAL RECORD Attitudes 253 39
The Ravenna Mosaics 202
40
THE HEIRS OF THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE:
41
8 GERMANY, ITALY, AND FRANCE 254
42
CHAPTER Germany and the Empire, 911–1272 254 •
43
E M The Varying Fortunes of Italy 259 • Capetian 44
ARLY EDIEVAL
France, 987–1314 262 45
C , 600–900
IVILIZATIONS . . . .212 THE BRITISH ISLES 267 46
47
THE ISLAMIC EAST 214 Viking and Norman Invasions in England 267 • 48
The Development of English Law and
Arabia Before Muhammad 214 • The Prophet 49
Government 268 • The Celtic Realms 270
andHis Faith 215 • The Arab Conquests 218 • 50
The Abbasid Revolution 219 • The Emergence of THE GROWTH OF NEW STATES 271 51
Islamic Culture 220 Reconquista and Kingdom Building in Spain 272 • 52
53
Scandinavia 273 • The Slavic World 274
54S
55R
56L
2nd pass pages