Welfare, Ethnicity and Altruism: New Data and Evolutionary Theory

354 Pages·2004·9.57 MB·English

by  Frank Salter

WELFARE, ETHNICITY
and
ALTRUISM
CASS SERIES: NATIONALISM AND ETHNICITY
ISSN 1462-9755
General Editor: William Safran
This new series draws attention to some of the most exciting issues in current world
political debate: nation-building, autonomy and self-determination; ethnic identity,
conflict and accommodation; pluralism, multiculturalism and the politics of language;
ethnonationalism, irredentism and separatism; and immigration, naturalization and
citizenship. The series will include monographs as well as edited volumes, and through the
use of case studies and comparative analyses will bring together some of the best work to
be found in the field.
Ethnicity and Citizenship: The Canadian Case (NEP 1/3 Aut 1995)
Edited by Jean Laponce and William Safran
Nationalism and Ethnoregional Identities in China (NEP 4 1&2, Spring/Summer 1998)
Edited by William Safran
Identity and Territorial Autono"!y in Plural Societies (NEP 5 3/4/Aut/Win 1999)
Edited by William Safran and Ramon Maiz
Ideology, Legitimacy and the New State: rugoslavia, Serbia and Croatia
Sinisa Malesevic
Diasporas and Ethnic Migrants: Germany, Israel and Russia in Comparative Perspective by Rainer
Munz and Rainer Ohliger
Ethnic Groups in Motion: &onomic Competition and Migration in Multiethnic States
By Milica Z. Bookman
WELFARE, ETHNICITY
AND ALTRUISM
New Findings and Evolutionary Theory
Editor
FRANK SALTER
FRANK CASS
LONDON· PORTLAND, OR
Finl jJIIMi.lltl'd ill :!OO-l ill (;rl'(/I Urililill I!)'
FRA?,K C.\SS PL:BI.ISHERS
Crown Honse, ·17 Chas(' Sidl" Southgate
London N II .1 B P
1I1It! ill Ilu' I 'lIill'll SIIII('.1 I!/.lllll'ri((( 1!1'
FRX\K CASS PCBI.ISHERS
c/o ISBS. ~)20 NE :iBth An'nut'. #:{()O
Portland, ()I{, ~)n I:{-:nBCi
II i'h.lill': \",,,,di'ankcass.col1l
(;opyright(' 200·' Frank Kelllp Salt.')'
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
"'1'11;11'1', ethnicity and altruism: n('\I' lindings and "\'olutionary theory.
ICas,' serif's. :"oiationalisl1l and "thnicitYI
I. Etlmicity Con~resses 2. Etlllli,' relations Con~n'sst's

:1. ,\ltruisl1I (;on~n'sSl's l. Puhlic \\'1'11;11'1' (;ongn'sses
5. Charities Congresses Ci, Ikhayiour ,'yohnion Congresses
I. Saltt-r, Frank K. II. "'1'11;11''', Etlmicity and Altruislll Bringin~ in E\'olutionary
Theory SYl1lposiulll i Il)~)l): Bad HOlllhurg, (;lTl1IanYJ
:lO:).B
ISH;\; 0-71·1I;-:-)l:!~1-2 (doth)
ISB\; 0-711Ii-IU:i2-:1 \phk)
ISSN I 1m ~)75:)

LibralY of (:,)JJgress (:ataloging-in-l'uhlication I)ata
"·dl;II'l'. ethnicit)" and altruisl1l: IH'\\' lindings and eyolutionary th,'ory/editor. Frank
Salter.
p. C111. (Cass scries nationalisl1I and (,thnicily. ISSN ""(;2-97:').-))
!'n's,'nts lindings hased on the sYl1lposium ""'dbr!'. Ethnicity, and Altruisl1l: Bringing
in E\'olutionary TIlt'ory." hosted hy till' "'erlH'r Reil1lers Foundations in Bad
HOlllhurg. Germany. 10 I:{ Fehruary I~)~19.

ISB~ 0-711Ii-5127-2 (doth) ISBi\ 0-71 Hi-ll:ti2-;1 \phk.)
I. \\'elbn' Cross-cultural studi,'s Congn'ssl's. 2. :\ltl'llisl1l Cross-cultural studies
Congresses. :t EthnOlTntrisl1l (;ongn'sst's. I. Ethnicity Congresses.
:). Sociohiology Congn'ssl's. I;. :\Iulticulturalislll (;OI'l')'nllll'11t policy Congresses.
I. Saltl'r, Frank K. II. Serif's
I IVIO.\\·UC; 20(l:)
201 J2(H I :iB I
.lII r(!/II.I 1t'.II'Ii'I'r!. ,\iJ j}(lrl O/Ilti.\ jJIIMi(((lioll IIII!)' h,' 1t1J1'lJr/I/((d..l/orNI ill or illlror/II(I'r/ illio
II Idril'l'lIl .~T.liI'lII or IWI/.I/Ililit'r/ ill flI!l'./;mll or 1!1' (//!)' 1111'1111.\'. d('(ll'OlIi(. IIII'd/ill/it'lIl. jJ/lOlocoj!)'illg.
1t'('lJ(liJ~!!, or llilim. ';"1'. il'ill/l)/Il Iltl' jJrior ({'rift/'ll jJ{')')})i.nioll 1!f'llu' /Jllh/islt{')' l!llltiol hook.
Typeset in Bask"lyilk 105 pt/ 12 pt hy Trad!'spools. Fron1l'. Sonll'rsl't.
I'rinlt'(1 ill (;real Britain hy :\11'(; Books Ltd, Bodmin. Cornwall
The sun"ival ,"alut' of'altruism ill <I crowded world <lpproacht's zero hecause ,dmt cgo gi,"t's
up got's l1t'ct'ssarily illto the commons" 'Vhat is ill tht' conllllOIlS cannot f~\\'or the s\lIyi,"al
of the sharillg impulses that put it there lIlllt'ss limits an' placed on sharing" ( ;alTt't
Hardin, The limits 1!(.lItruislII, 1977)
Contents
List of Figures XI
List of Tables XIII
Notes on Contributors XVII
AckllOwledgements XXI
Prebce XXIII
Series Editor's Foreword xxv
I. Introduction: The Symposium Target Paper in Broader
Context
Frank ltemlJ Salter
P.\RT I
DOES ETH:\IC HETEROGE:\EITY DEPRESS Pl :BUC ALTRl.'IS;\1 1:\
;\In:n-ETH:\IC SOCIETIES"!
2. Urban Begging and Ethnic Nepotism in Russia: An Ethological
Pilot Study
J/arilla BUIIR'skq),a, Frallk Sa/ler, /l'{/1/ Diakollo1J, alld A/RX~)' ,\inimov 27
3. Ethnic Diwrsity, Population Size, and Charitable Giving at the
Local Len,l in the United States
]ames .\: Sdlllbfrl alld ,\fir/wei]. Tweed :'):1
-1-. Ethnic Heterogeneity and Public Spending: Testing the
Evolutionary Theory of Ethnicity with Cross-National Data
It:
SlelJIII'll Sanderson 7-1
5. An Exploratory Comparative Study of the Relationship hetween
Ethnic Heterogeneity and Wd(~lre Politics
Talu r(mlwl/ell gB
G. Reconciling the Diflcrences between Sanderson's and Vanhancn's
Results
SIt'jJlten It: Salld('J'soll alld Talll r(/IlIUlIIl'Il 119
V\/1l1111 ,J IJ. ,f!{fjaimre,, EElllh/nlliiccii{~Yv aanlldd "lJ1lllrturiu\"iTlf1lll
pP::\\RR'Tr IIII
\WYEELLFFAARREE BBRR((>l::\\DDLLYY DDEE1F"II!1\\EI':)])):: EETTHI-:[\\'IICC HHEETTEERR(O)GGEEIITTYY
,A\;~\1D) EECC(O)::\\O(~)I~IHCC GGRRCO)W\\"TI'HH
77.. EEtthhnnoolliillnfg.{uuiissttiicc lD)iiv\'e('rrssiittyy,, CG;Oo\\'·te"rrnnmrneenntt,, aanndd CG}rroow\vtthh
JHIJi:l"liillaiamnz Ji1.. JMlaa.\s'tteenn' aalnldd .JJ/laaJ/ggaarfeetl SS.. iMllccJM1iillllaann 112233
BB.. EEtthhnniicc DDiivveerrssiittyy,, FFoorreeiiggnn iA\iidd,, IE-:ccoonnoomlniicc GGrroo\wvtthh,, PPooppuullaattiioonn
PPoolliiccyy,, \WVdfcl~fl~r\ree,, IInnte>qquuaalliittyy,, CC~oonnfflliicctt,, aanndd tthhee C(~oossttss ooff CG;lloobbaalliissmln::
AA PPeerrssppeecntiivwe oonn W\\.1.. IIVVIlaasstteerrss'' aanndd 11\V:1I.. lIV\IlccMl\.iJlilllaann''ss FFiinnddiinnggss
~Han~k &Sa/t~el' 1l4~8
PPAARR'TI'1 III1I
EEXXPPL/A.~;\::\\:T\TII(()):~'\ .A\:X\1») PPRREEDDIICCTTII(O)X:\:: DDO()EESS EIX\'O()LLlC'TTIIO():X\:A\RRYY
'TI'HI-IEEO()RRYY HHEEI~LPP;;)'
99.. Trrhhee IL...iimmiittss ooff (C~hhiimlnppaannzzeeee (C~hhaarriittyy:: SSttrraatt(e'g~iieess ooff lIV\Ileeaatt SShhaarriinngg
iinn C(~oomnlmnluunniittiieess ooff \W!Viilldd ,A'\pp(e'ss
LLiinnddaa 1F1~ lM\laarrcchhaanntl 117755
1100.. SSeellffiisshh CC~oo--ooppeerraattiioonn,, LLooyyaallttyy SSttrruuccttuurreess,, aanndd PPrroottoo
EEtthhnnoocccenntrtirsilsTmI iinn IInntteerr--g~rroouupp AAggoonniissttiicc BBeehhaavviioouurr
]]..MJJ..G(x·.. vvaann ddeerr J]))ef1n/nlleenn 119955
I1i1.. C(~aannaaddiiaann WWelefll~iltrree PPoolliiccyy aanndd EI~tthhnnooppoolliittiiccss:: rTroow\vaarrddss aann
lE~vvoolluuttiioonnaarryy lM\fooddeell
P})aalt1r-iicckk ,.llaanmzeess 223322
1122.. \\'VVhhyy \\VVedllf~~llrree SSttaatteess RRiissee - aanndd FFaallll:: IE·:tthhnniicciittyy,, BBeelliieeff SSyysstteenmlss,,
aannedl EEnnvviirroonnimlleennttaall IInnfflluueenncceess oonn tthhee SSuuppppoorrtt (loorr PPuubblliicc (G;ooooddss
RRoo.g~eerr DD.. iM.la/a.ls'/l(n'/::I\"' 224488
PP..\\RR'TI' 1IV\·
EETTHHIICC..\\L!' .:\\:~\I)>) PP(O>IL.IICCY\, 1i::\\IIPPLI.IICC.-.\\TTII<O>:~\SS
11~3t. EEtllhmniicciittyy,, tthhee PPrroohblleenml ooff IDi)filni(~~IrT(l'lntliiaall lA\llttrruuiisslmn,, aanndd
IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall l;\\lluullttiicruullttuurraal1lsi1s1m1
IIrreelnliiiiuuJs 1E~'iihhll--lE~li'bbee,~4/ffllddlt 228833
1144.. lA\fflfiirrnmlaattiivvee AAccttiioonn:: 'Troo\wvaarrddss aa SSoocciioohhiioolloo~giiccaallllyy IItnlffcc))rrmmeedd
SSoocciiaall PPoolliiccyy
P})iifarrree LL. (lY.'al1I12 ddeelnl IBJeflJgghhef 229922
1L.,1).. rTrhhee lE-:vvoolluuttiioonnaarryy ID)edliieciitt iinn i~\IIaaiinnssttrreeaanml PPoolliittiiccaall 'Tl'hheeoorryy ooff
"WVeellff~~t\rree aanndd El~tthhnniicciittyy
JF1r}aannkk SSaal/lIenr' 330066
IInnddeexx 332299
Contents IX
APPE:\'J)J( :ES
4.1. Full List of Countries Used in tIll' Analyses 86
5. I. Data 011 (I) Measures of Ethnic Heterogeneity and Other
Explanatory Variables and (2) on Various Dependent Variables
Indicating Ethnic Inequalities (Humana's Grades) and
Expenditure on Social Security and Welfare 109
7.1. Countries Induded and Omitted from World-'Vide Samples 142
7.2. National Data Used in All Regressions 144
List of Figures
3.1. Charitable Giving by Community Size 61
3.2. Charitable Giving by Racial/Ethnic Diversity 63
3.3. Charitable Giving in More Diverse Communities 64
3.4. Charitable Giving by Community Size and Diversity 65
5.1. The Results of Regression Analysis of Humana's Grades on
the Index of Ethnic Heterogeneity in the Comparison Group
of 103 Countries 94
5.2. The Results of Regression Analysis of WD-93 on the Index
of Ethnic Heterogeneity in the Comparison Group of 93
countries 98
5.3. The Results of Regression Analysis of WD-93 on the Index of
Ethnic Heterogeneity (EH) in the Category of High-Income
Economies (N = 22) 102
7.1. Language Diversity versus Country Size 128
7.2. Language Diversity versus Per Capita Income in 1960--62 128
9.1. Alpha Male (left) and Beta Male Chimpanzees with Meat of
Red Colobus IVlonkey at Mahale Mountains National Park,
Tanzania. (Photo by T. Nishida) WI
10.1. This diagram from Sahlins illustrates the different types of
what he called 'social reciprocity' in primitive cultures 215
13.1. Projected US Ethnic Populations to 2050 289