Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions at High Energies: Cargèse 1975, Part B PDF
Preview Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions at High Energies: Cargèse 1975, Part B
Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions at High Energies Cargese 1975 PartB NATO ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTES SERIES A series of edited volumes comprising multifaceted studies of contemporary scientific issues by some of the best scientific minds in the world, as sembled in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division. Series B: Physics RECENT VOLUMES IN THIS SERIES Volume 10 - Progress in Electro-Optics edited by Ezio Camatini Volume 11 - Fluctuations, Instabilities, and Phase Transitions edited by Tormod Riste Volume 12 - Spectroscopy of the Excited State edited by Baldassare Di Bartolo Volume 13 - Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions at High Energies -Cargese 1975 (Parts A and B) edited by Maurice Levy, Jean-Louis Basdevant, David Speiser, and Raymond Gastmans Volume 14 ~- Physics of Nonmetallic Thin Films edited by C.H.S. Dupuy and A. Cachard Volume 15 -~ Nuclear and Particle Physics at Intermediate Energies edited by J. B. Warren Volume 16 - Electronic Structure and Reactivity of Metal Surfaces edited by E. G. Derouane and A. A. Lucas Volume 17 - Linear and Nonlinear Electron Transport in Solids edited by J. T. Devreese and V. E. van Doren Volume 18 - Photoionization and Other Probes of Many-Electron Interactions edited by F. J. Wuilleumier Volume 19 - Defects and Their Structure in Nonmetallic Solids edited by B. Henderson and A. E. Hughes Volume 20 - Physics of Structurally Disordered Solids edited by Shashanka S. Mitra The series is published by an international board of publishers in con junction with NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics New York and London C Mathematical and D. Reidel Publishing Company Physical Sciences Dordrecht and Boston D Behavioral and Sijthoff lnterna tional Publishing Company Sn('i~1 Sripnces LeideJ1 Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions at High Energies Cargese 1975 Part B Edited by Maurice Levy and lean-Louis Basdevant Laboratory of Theoretical Physics and High nnergies Universite Pierre et Marie Curie Paris, France David Speiser Institute of Theoretical Physics Universite Catholique de Louvain Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium and Raymond Gastmans Institute of Theoretical Physics Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Leuven, Belgium PLENUM PRESS. NEW YORK AND LONDON Published in cooper<ltion with NATO Scientific Aff<lirs Division Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Cargese Summer Institute on Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions at High Energies, 1975. Weak and electromagnetic interactions at high energies. (NA TO advanced study institutes series: Series B, Physics; v. 13) "Organized by the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie ... the Katholieke Univer siteit te Leuven ... and the Universite Catholique de Louvain." Includes bibliographies and index. 1. Weak interactions (Nuclear physics)-Congresses. 2. Electromagnetic inter actions-Congresses. I. Levy, Maurice, 1922- II. Universite Picrre et Marie Curie. Ill. Louvain. Universite catholique. IV. Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven. V. Title. VI. Series. QC794.8.W4C37 1975 539.7'54 76-3672 ISBN 978-1-4684-0864-5 ISBN 978-1-4684-0862-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4684-0862-1 Second half of the Proceedings of the Summer Institute held at Cargese, France, June 30-July 25, 1975, sponsored in part by NATO © 1976 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1976 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher Preface The Cargese Summer Institute 1975 on Weak and EZeotromagnetio Interaotions at High Energies was organized by the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie (M. LEVY et J.L. BASDEVANT)~ the KathoZieke Universiteit te Leuven (R. GASTMANS) and the Universite CathoZique de Louvain (D. SPEISER~ J. WEYERS) who made in 1973 the first oon taots with some on the advioe of NATO joined their Zeoturers~ who~ efforts and worked in oommon. It was the 16th Summer Institute heZd at Cargese and the 3rd one organized by the two departments of TheoreticaZ Physios at Leuven and Louvain-Za-Neuve. When the two groups decided (independentZy) on the subjeot of the they oouZd not know how Zuoky their ohoioe eventuaZZy sohooZ~ wouZd turn out to be : rareZy has it being possibZe to present an audienoe with suoh a great number of new and deoisive disooveries who are Zikely to stimuZate the imagination of theoreticians and the researoh projeots of experimentaZists aZike. Suoh were the decisive oonfirmation of the neutraZ the di-muon ourrents~ events~ the sZowZy deoaying new partioZes~ eto. The organizers were grate JUZ indeed that they oouZd find physioists from aZmost alZ great oenters of high energy physios Who had themseZves participated in these disooveries. AZthough the theorists oouZd not matoh during the Zast two years the speotaouZar suooess of their experimentaZ ooZZeagues~ there has been enough important program~ especiaZZy in fieZd theory : renormaZization of gauge theories~ the mechanism disoovered by R. BROUT et aZ.~ eto. AZZ Zeotures and seminar taZks were reZated to the main topios. It is a pZeasure to thank aZZ those who have made this summer institute possibZe. Thanks are due to the Soientifio Committee of NATO for a generous grant and its President~ and espeoiaZZy to its soientifio seoretary~ ~. T. KESTER~ for his oonstant heZp and enoouragement. We aZso thank the C.N.R.S. (Franoe) and the N.S.F. (U.S.A) for traveZ grants as weZZ as the RPedietbank (BeZgig) for a speciaZ oontribution for feZZowships for members ooming from non Nato oountries. v vi PREFACE Special thanks due to the of Niae having a~e unive~site fo~ put at disposal the facilities of the Institut at and o~ Ca~gese the et the K.U.L. and the unive~site ~e~~e Ma~e C~e~ P~s~ U.C.L. putting facilities at disposal. fo~ thei~ o~ We wish to thank M. F. HANSELER~ R. NARTUS~ N. RIBET and also helps at Louvain-la-Neuve and especially othe~ P~s~ Leuven~ aollabaration. Ca~gese fo~ thei~ We thank Mr's. B. STEYAERT typing the and fo~ manU8a~pt Miss M. de Mr's. HAUT and and especially CROMBRUGGHE~ URIAS~ C. LEROY help and and Plenum Press fo~ thei~ ao~eating p~oofs fo~ thei~ aollabo~ation. Mostly we would like to thank all and howeve~~ leat~e~s who aame !pom 20 : the willingness of pa~ticipants ove~ aount~es the to all questions and the of the fo~e~ answe~ inte~est latte~ p~ovided the stimulus who made (we hope) this institute a suaaess ! M. LEVY J.L. BASDEVANT D. SPEISER R. GASTMANS Contents PHENOMENOLOGY OF WEAK INTERACTIONS : Mary K. GAILLARD 1 1. V-A theory from and S-decay to inelastic neutrino ~- scattering. 2 1.1 S-decay 2 1.2 7 ~-decay 1.3 Universality 8 1.4 High energy neutrino scattering 11 1.5 Low energy hadronic matrix elements 18 2. Cabibbo theory. current algebra and chiral symmetry. 23 2.1 The Cabibbo theory of currents 24 2.2 Current algebra and chiral symmetry 28 2.3 The Goldberger-Treiman and Adler-Weisberger relations 32 2.4 Soft pion theorems for leptonic K-decay. 36 3. Is the non-leptonic weak interaction a V-A current-current 37 coupling? 3.1 Strangeness conserving transitions: parity violation 39 in nuclear physics 3.2 Strange particle decay 42 3.3 SU(3) transformation properties 44 3.4 Soft pion theorems and the III = 112 rule 47 4. Neutral currents - direct and induced 54 4.1 Induced neutral currents 55 4.2 Direct neutral current couplings 62 4.3 Fitting neutral currents into the V-A picture a new quantum number? 70 5. Gauge theories and weak interaction phenomenology 74 5.1 Radiative corrections to S-decay 77 5.2 Induced strangeness changing neutral currents 82 5.3 Non-leptonic decays and the I~II = 1/2 rule 88 5.4 Parity violation in nuclear transitions 91 5.5 Charm phenomenology 92 References 95 vii viii CONTENTS PARITY VIOLATING EFFECTS IN ATOMS V.L. TELEGDI 99 I. Introduction 99 Emission and absorption of circularly polarized photons 101 Estimate of Pc 102 2. Specific experiments in ordinary atoms 103 Parity violating effects in muonic atoms 106 References 107 HIGH ENERGY NEUTRINO INTERACTIONS C. FRANZINETTI 109 1. Structure of weak interactions 109 1.1 Introduction 109 1.2 The Salam-Weinberg model 111 1.3 Experimental evidence of the existence of neutral currents in neutrino lepton interactions 114 1.4 Hadronic neutral currents 117 1.5 Experimental evidence for the existence of hadronic neutral currents. Recent results. 119 1.6 What are they if not neutral currents? 126 1.7 Simultaneous production of two muons 129 1.8 Search for charms in bubble chamber experiments - two candidates 136 References 139 2. Neutrino nucleon interactions (charged currents) 139 2.1 The inclusive description 139 2.2 Elastic interactions and resonance production 144 2.3 The low q2 region. Tests of PCAC hypothesis 153 2.4 The "deep inelastic" region. Scale invariance 158 2.5 Precocious scaling? 173 Referen ces 175 3. Weak interactions and the structure of the nucleons. 177 3.1 Introduction 177 3.2 The region of elastic interactions and resonance production at large q2 181 3.3 Partons with fractional charges (quarks) 183 3.4 Charmed quarks 190 References 193 INVESTIGATIONS OF HIGH ENERGY NEUTRINO INTERACTIONS IN THE CALTECH-FERMILAB EXPERIMENT: B.C. BARISH 195 Abstract 195 Neutral current investigations 196 Neutrino events with two muons in the final states 205 References 224 CONTENTS ix DIRECT LEPTON PRODUCTION IN HADRON INTERACTIONS J.-M. GAILLARD 225 I. Introduction 225 II. Direct single lepton production 225 1. E.lectrons 226 2. Muons 232 III. Dilepton production 233 IV. Conclusions 245 References 246 DISCOVERY OF THE J PARTICLE AND SEARCH OF THE CHARMED PARTICLES : MIN CHEN 249 I. Introduction 249 II. First observation of the J particle at BNL 249 III. Hadron production of the J particle 260 IV. Production by photons 268 V. BNL v-induced charm candidate 277 VI. e-/TI- ratio 280 VII. Are there many other long life particles? 280 References 294 + - e e INTERACTIONS H.L. LYNCH 297 Introduction 297 Total cross section 298 Spear detector 306 Inclusive spectra and scaling 310 1jJ resonances (general) 320 1jJ resonances (specific channels) 336 Conclusion 348 Acknowledgments 348 References 349 REVIEW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERACTIONS OF HADRONS P. SODING 351 Introduction 351 Deep inelastic scattering and scaling 351 Kinematics and definitions 351 Parton model 354 Status of Scaling 356 Evidence on quark quantum numbers from deep-inelastic scattering 365 Shadowing in nuclei 370 Real photons 370 Virtual photons 380 x CONTENTS Photoproduction of V states (in particular $'s) 381 $ photoproduction data 381 Vector dominance 385 Hadron production by virtual photons 395 Parton model 395 Experimental results 397 Vector meson production and vector dominance 404 References 413 + - e e ANNIHILATION AT ADONE RECENT EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS L. PAOLUZ11 417 Introduction 417 Experimental apparata 418 Experimental results 422 Search for new resonances in the 1.9 + 3.1 GeV region 431 References 435 THE NEW ELECTRON-POSITRON STORAGE RING AT ORSAY J. BUON 437 Introduction 437 Luminosity limitations 439 DCI outlines and characteristics 442 High energy physics program at DCI 444 1. First experiment: M3N 444 2. First magl etic detector experiments DM1 446 3. New magnetic detector : DM2 447 4. Two-photon experiments 449 Notes and references 453 INDEX 455
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