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WDM TECHNOLOGIES: OPTICAL NETWORKS VolumeIII This page intentionally left blank WDM TECHNOLOGIES: OPTICAL NETWORKS Volume III Editedby Achyut K. Dutta BanpilPhotonics,Inc. SanJose,California,USA Niloy K. Dutta UniversityofConnecticut Storrs,Connecticut,USA MasahikoFujiwara NECElectronics,Corporation Nakahara-Ku,Kawasaki,Japan Amsterdam Boston Heidelberg London NewYork Oxford Paris SanDiego SanFrancisco Singapore Sydney Tokyo ElsevierAcademicPress 200WheelerRoad,6thFloor,Burlington,MA01803,USA 525BStreet,Suite1900,SanDiego,California92101-4495,USA 84Theobald’sRoad,LondonWC1X8RR,UK Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper. Copyright©2004,ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorby anymeans,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopy,recording,orany informationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwriting fromthepublisher. PermissionsmaybesoughtdirectlyfromElsevier’sScience&TechnologyRights DepartmentinOxford,UK:phone:(+44)1865843830,fax:(+44)1865853333,e-mail: permissions@elsevier.com.uk.Youmayalsocompleteyourrequeston-lineviatheElsevier homepage(http://elsevier.com),byselecting“CustomerSupport”andthen“ObtainingPermissions.” LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData WDMtechnologies:opticalnetworks/editedbyAchyutK.Dutta,NiloyK.Dutta, MasahikoFujiwara. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN0-12-225263-2(alk.paper) 1.Wavelengthdivisionmultiplexing.I.Dutta,AchyutK.II.Dutta,N.K.(NiloyK.), 1953-III.Fujiwara,Masahiko. TK5103.592.W38W453272004 (cid:1) 621.3827–dc22 2004048502 BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:0-12-225263-2 ForallinformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourWebsiteatwww.academicpress.com PRINTEDINTHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA 04 05 06 07 08 09 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Dedicatedtoourparents, HarishChandraandKalpanaRaniDutta DebakarandMadaborDatta, andtoourfamilies, Keiko,Jayoshree,Jaydeep, SudeepHiroshi,andCristineDutta This page intentionally left blank Contents Contributors xiii Foreword:TheWDMRevolution xv Acknowledgments xix Chapter1 Overview 1 AchyutK.Dutta,NiloyK.Dutta,andMasahikoFujiwara 1.1. Prospectus 1 1.2. OrganizationandFeaturesoftheWDMTechnologiesSeries 4 1.3. SurveyofVolumeIII,WDMTechnologies:OpticalNetworks 5 1.3.1. PartI:WDMandTDMPerspectives 5 1.3.2. PartII:CriticalTechnologies 6 1.3.3. PartIII:Applications:Local/ComputerWDMNetworks 8 References 9 Part1 OverviewandWDM/TDMPerspectives 11 Chapter2 OTDMandWDMforLarge-ScalePhotonicNetworks 13 HideyukiSotobayashiandTakeshiOzeki 2.1. OTDMandWDMforLarge-ScalePhotonicNetworksastheGlobal InformationInfrastructure 13 2.2. UltrafastPhotonicProcessing 18 2.3. Wavelength-BandGeneration 25 2.3.1. OperatingPrincipleofSimultaneousWavelength-Band GenerationofFrequency-StandardizedDWDMinCS-RZFormat 26 2.3.2. ExperimentsandResults 26 2.3.3. SummaryofSection2.3 32 2.4. FormatConversion 33 2.4.1. OperatingPrinciple 33 2.4.2. ExperimentsandDiscussions 33 2.4.3. SummaryofSection2.4 36 2.5. Wavelength-BandConversion 38 2.5.1. HNL-DSFWavelengthConverter 39 2.5.2. Ultrafast640-to-10Gb/sOTDMDEMUX 40 vii viii Contents 2.5.3. C-to-LWavelength-BandConversionofa640Gb/s OTDMSignal 41 2.5.4. L-to-CWavelength-BandConversionofa640Gb/s OTDMSignal 43 2.5.5. SummaryofSection2.5 47 2.6. Polarization-ModeDispersionandItsEqualization 47 2.6.1. Polarization-ModeDispersionEqualization 48 2.6.2. NonlinearPolarization-ModeDispersionEqualization 51 2.6.3. SummaryofSection2.6 56 2.7. Conclusion 57 References 57 Part2 CriticalTechnologies 63 Chapter3 OpticalPathCross-Connect 65 Ken-ichiSatoandMasafumiKoga 3.1. PathTechnologies 65 3.1.1. RoleofPath 65 3.1.2. ElectricalPathTechnologies 68 3.2. OpticalPathTechnologies 73 3.2.1. OpticalPath 73 3.2.2. CharacteristicsandBenefitsofOpticalPathNetworks 76 3.2.3. WavelengthPathandVirtualWavelengthPath 84 3.2.4. IPOverOpticalPathandPhotonicMPLS 87 3.3. OpticalPathCross-ConnectSystem 91 3.3.1. SystemArchitecture 93 3.3.2. OpticalSwitchComponentTechnologies 101 3.3.3. InterfaceTechnologies 108 3.3.4. FaultManagementandSupervisionTechnologies 112 References 114 Chapter4 OpticalPacketSwitching 119 SoichiroArakiandNaoyaHenmi 4.1. Architecture 119 4.1.1. GeneralPacket-SwitchArchitecture 119 4.1.2. OpticalPacket-SwitchArchitecture 122 4.2. Subsystems 125 4.2.1. SpaceDivisionSwitch 125 4.2.2. OpticalBufferMemory 126 4.2.3. PacketSynchronizer 128 4.2.4. BurstReceiver 130 4.3. DeviceTechnology 131 4.3.1. OpticalSwitch 131 4.3.2. OpticalImplementation 133 Contents ix 4.4. OpticalBurstSwitch 134 4.5. OpticalPacket-SwitchingTestbeds 135 4.5.1. NECTestbed 135 4.5.2. NTTTestbed 137 4.6. Summary 137 References 137 Chapter5 SubmarineNetworks 141 ShuYamamotoandTetsuyaMiyazaki 5.1. Outline 141 5.2. ProgressofOpticalSubmarineNetworks 142 5.3. SubmarineCableSystemsConfiguration 146 5.3.1. SubmergedPlant 146 5.3.2. StationEquipment 151 5.4. NetworkConfiguration 159 5.4.1. RingNetworks 160 5.4.2. Trunk-and-BranchNetworks 163 5.4.3. FestoonNetworks 164 5.4.4. MeshNetworks 164 5.5. NetworkImplementation 165 5.5.1. TransoceanicRingNetworkProtection 165 5.5.2. NetworkProtectionEquipment(NPE)andTPC-5CN 171 5.5.3. NetworkOperationandMaintenance 173 5.5.4. OpticalNetworkProtectionEquipment(ONPE)andJIHCable 175 5.6. FutureSubmarineNetworks 177 5.6.1. RecentProblemsinTraditionalSubmarineNetwork Configuration 177 5.6.2. SurvivabilityandTopology 181 5.6.3. OXC-BasedMeshNetworksandTheirBenefitstoSubmarine CableSystems 182 5.6.4. FutureNetworkServices 185 References 185 Part3 Applications 189 Chapter6 OpticalAccess/MetropolitanAreaNetwork UsingWDM 191 ToshihikoSugieandKenjiOkada 6.1. Introduction 191 6.2. CurrentFeatures 191 6.3. CurrentStatusofOpticalTechnology 194 6.3.1. OpticalTechnologyforAccessandMetropolitanArea Networks 194 6.3.2. WDMSchemes 194