Watershed Models

629 Pages·2005·15.259 MB·English

by  Singh, Vijay P.

WATERSHED
MODELS
WATERSHED
MODELS
EDITED BY
VIJAY P. SINGH
DONALD K. FREVERT
Boca Raton London New York Singapore
A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the
Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.
3609_Discl.fm Page 1 Tuesday, August 23, 2005 9:23 AM
Published in 2006 by
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-3609-0 (Hardcover)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-3609-6 (Hardcover)
Library of Congress Card Number 2005044000
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is
quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts
have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume
responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use.
No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and
recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com
(http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive,
Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration
for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate
system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only
for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Singh, V. P. (Vijay P.)
Watershed models / Vijay Singh, Donald Frevert.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p.).
ISBN 0-8493-3609-0 (alk.paper)
1. Watersheds—Mathematical models. 2. Watershed Management—Mathematical models, 3.
Hydrologic models. I. Frevert, Donald K. II. Title,
GB980.S626 2005
551.48 – dc22 2005044000
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
Taylor & Francis Group and the CRC Press Web site at
is the Academic Division of T&F Informa plc. http://www.crcpress.com
Dedicated to watershed modelers around
the globe.
Contents
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xix
Contributors xxi
Section 1: Preliminaries
1. Introduction 3
Vijay P. Singh and Donald K. Frevert
2. History and Evolution of Watershed Modeling 21
Derived from the Stanford Watershed Model (SWM)
Anthony S. Donigian, Jr. and John Imhoff
3. Regional Calibration of Watershed Models 47
Richard M. Vogel
Section 2: Large Watershed Models
4. Large Scale Hybrid Watershed Modeling 75
Mustafa M. Aral and Orhan Gunduz
5. Simulation of Water and Energy Budgets Using a 97
Macroscale Hydrological Model for the Upper
Mississippi River Basin
Rajagopalan Srinivasan and Venkat Lakshmi
Section 3: Streamflow Models
6. Gridded Surface/Subsurface Hydrologic Analysis 131
(GSSHA) Model: A Model for Simulating Diverse
Streamflow-Producing Processes
Charles W. Downer, Fred L. Ogden,
Justin Neidzialek, and Siqing Liu
7. USGS Modular Modeling System (MMS) – 159
Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS)
George H. Leavesley, Steve L. Markstrom, and
Roland J. Viger
8. The Xin’anjiang Model on Digital Basin Platform 179
Liliang Ren and Fei Yuan

vii
Section 4: Streamflow and Water Quality Models
9. A First Principle, Physics-Based Watershed Model: 211
WASH123D
Gour-Tsyh Yeh, Guobiao Huang,
Hwai-Ping Cheng, Fan Zhang, Hsin-Chi Lin,
Earl Edris, and David Richards
10. Flexible Integrated Watershed Modeling with 245
MIKE SHE
Douglas N. Graham and Michael B. Butts
11. Better Assessment Science Integrating Point 273
and Nonpoint Sources (BASINS)
Paul B. Duda, Jack L. Kittle Jr.,
Anthony S. Donigian, and Russell Kinerson
12. MEDIFIS: A Physically Based, Spatially- 291
Distributed Runoff and Erosion Model for Extreme
Rainfall Events
Joao P. Nunes, G. Nuno Vieira and J. Seixas
13. BAYMOD: Modeling Irrigated Catchments Using the 315
Streamflow Integral Approach
Luke D. Connell, M. Gilfedder, and Russell Mein
Section 5: Urban Watershed Models
14. EPA Storm Water Management Model, SWMM5 339
Wayne C. Huber, Lewis A. Rossman, and
Robert E. Dickinson
15. IDEAL: Integrated Design and Evaluation 361
Assessment of Loadings Model
Bill J. Barfield, J.C. Hayes, S.L. Harp,
K.F. Holbrook, and J. Gillespie
16. SEDIMOT III Model 381
Bill J. Barfield, J.C. Hayes, E. Stevens,
S.L. Harp, and A. Fogle
Section 6: Agricultural Watershed Models
17. The SPAW Model for Agricultural Field and Pond 401
Hydrologic Simulation
Keith E. Saxton and Patrick H. Willey

viii
18. The APEX Model 437
Jimmy R. Williams and R.C. Izaurralde
19. GAMES: The Guelph Model for Evaluating the 483
Effects of Agricultural Management Systems on
Erosion and Sedimentation
R.P. Rudra
Section 7: Planning and Management Models
20. Use of Distributed Models for Watershed 503
Management: Case Studies
M. Arabi, Rao S. Govindaraju, M. Sophocleous,
and J.K. Koelliker
21. RiverWare 527
Edith A. Zagona, Tim Magee,
H. Morgan Goranflo, Terrance Fulp,
Donald K. Frevert, and Jerry L. Cotter
22. A Parsimonious Watershed Model 549
James F. Limbrunner, Richard M. Vogel, and
Steven C. Chapra
23. MODSIM: River Basin Management Decision 569
Support System
John W. Labadie
24. Water Rights Analysis Package (WRAP) Modeling 593
System
Ralph A.. Wurbs
25. Hydrological River Basin Environment Assessment 613
Model (Hydro-BEAM)
Toshiharu Kojiri
26. The State of Colorado’s Stream Simulation Model 627
(StateMod)
Ray Alvarado and Ray Bennett

ix
PREFACE

There are dozens of mathematical models of watershed
hydrology available today in the world, but these are not found in
one place. In 1995, Vijay Singh edited a book entitled Computer
Models of Watershed Hydrology which contained 26 popular
computer models from around the globe. In 2002 Singh and
Donald Frevert edited two books entitled Mathematical Models of
Large Watershed Hydrology and Mathematical Models of Small
Watershed Hydrology and Applications. Clearly, there were
several worthy models that were not included in these books. The
motivation for putting together this book stemmed from the desire
to provide, under one cover, a comprehensive account of some of
those popular mathematical models of watershed hydrology that
were not included earlier. The objective of this volume is to
include a variety of models that span a range of characteristics,
such as representativeness, comprehensiveness, broad-based
applicability, and use of modern tools. Based on these
considerations, 24 models were selected for inclusion in this
volume. It is hoped that these models fulfill the intended objective.
Because there is a large number of models available these days,
any number of combinations of the models could satisfy the
intended objective equally well. Therefore, in any model selection,
personal bias is unavoidable, and the models included here may
reflect our personal bias. This model selection in no way implies
an endorsement of the models included or a rejection of those not
included. We personally have used and like very much some of the
models not included here.
The subject matter of this volume is divided into seven
sections encompassing 26 chapters. The first section contains three
chapters. Beginning with introductory remarks on watershed
modeling in Chapter 1, a history and evolution of watershed
modeling derived from the Stanford Watershed Model (SWM) is
presented in Chapter 2. It traces the refinement of SWM and its
coupling with the Agricultural Runoff Management Model (ARM)
and Nonpoint Source Pollutant Loading Model (NPS) into
Hydrological Simulation Program-Fortran (HSPF), and goes on to
describe successive enhancements of HSPF up to the most recent
xi
Release No. 12 in 2001. It then discusses the software tools, such
as Interactive hydrologic analyses and data management (ANNIE),
Watershed Data Management (WDM), GENeration and analysis of
model simulation SCeNarios (GenScn), and Expert system for
calibration of HSPF (HSPEXP) products, developed by the U.S.
Geological Survey (USGS), which have greatly enhanced
watershed modeling in general and HSPF in particular. Integration
and enhancement of the strongest features of HSPF and these
USGS software products culminated in the Environmetal
Protection Agency’s (EPA) Better Assessment Science Integrating
Point and Nonpoint Sources (BASINS) modeling system.
Furthermore, HSPF has been integrated into the U.S. Army Corps
of Engineer’s Watershed Modeling System (WMS). The chapter
concludes that HSPF/BASINS serves as a focal point for
cooperation and integration of watershed modeling and model
support activities between the USGS and the EPA, and provides an
opportunity for the use of common tools and methodologies by
federal agencies. Chapter 3 reviews numerous approaches for the
regionalization of watershed models, and introduces a new
methodology for the regionalization of watershed models. The
approach involves concurrent calibration of a watershed model to
many sites in a region.
Large-scale watershed modeling constitutes the subject of
Section 2, comprising two chapters. Chapter 4 discusses a hybrid
surface/subsurface flow and transport model that blends the
powerful distributed parameter models with relatively simple
lumped parameter models. This hybrid formulation decreases the
computational requirements and at the same time provides a
representative description of the watershed flow processes. Chapter
5 presents a macroscale hydrological model to understand the
water and energy balance for the Upper Mississippi River basin. It
shows that the spatial and temporal variability of droughts and
floods can be analyzed using the model-simulated soil moisture
regimes.
The subject of Section 3 is streamflow models and
encompasses three chapters. Chapter 6 presents a physics-based,
distributed parameter Gridded Surface and Subsurface Hydrologic
Analysis model (GSSHA) simulating diverse streamflow-
producing mechanisms. This model is a successor of the two-
xii
dimensional, physically based Hortanian model CASC2D and has
been coupled to the Department of Defense Watershed Modeling
System (WMS). Chapter 7 presents the Modular Modeling System
(MMS) of the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS)
developed by the USGS. MMS is an integrated system of computer
software to support the development and integration of a wide
variety of hydrologic and ecosystem models, whereas PRMS is a
physics-based hydrologic model. The integrated system includes
spatial data analysis using geographical information system (GIS),
statistical and graphical analysis tools, and a variety of parameter
estimations, sensitivity analysis, and optimization capabilities.
Chapter 8 presents the latest version of the Xin’anjiang model on a
digital platform. The discussion includes input requirements,
procedures and assumptions used, output capabilities, and two case
studies illustrating its application.
Section 4 deals with streamflow and water quality models
encompassing five chapters. Chapter 9 focuses on a Numerical
Model of Water Flow and Contaminant and Sediment Transport in
WAterSHed Systems of 1-D Stream-River Network, 2-D Overland
Regime, and 3-D Subsurface Media (WASH123D). It addresses
particular features of WASH123D in the treatment of interactions
among media interfaces, the inclusion of various types of control
structures and pumps, the formulation of reaction-based water
quality simulations, and the implementation of optional
hydrodynamics in river network and overland regime. The design
capability and demonstrative examples ranging from seconds to
years in temporal scale and from meters to hundreds of kilometers
in spatial scales are presented.
The physically based, distributed, integrated hydrological
and water quality modeling system (MIKE SHE) is the subject of
Chapter 10. It is a modular modeling system that allows mix-and-
match of simple, lumped-parameter or water balance methods with
advanced, physically based, finite-difference methods for each of
the hydrologic processes. MIKE SHE is directly linked to both, a
1-dimensional river flow modeling module (MIKE 11) and a
module for modeling of urban sewer systems (MOUSE). MIKE 11
is used in applications ranging from simple routing of surface
water to fully dynamic channel flow with dynamic flow control
structures. MOUSE is used with MIKE SHE to study the
xiii